PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

G C Raju

Publications and source records attributed to G C Raju.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Expression of HLA-DR antigen in different histological types of gastric polyp.

AIMS: To study the expression of HLA-DR antigen in the different histological types of gastric polyps. METHODS: Ninety five cases of gastric polyps were histologically classified and examined for the presence of Helicobacter pylori, and for degree and type of inflammation. Further sections were stained immunohistochemically for HLA-DR antigen expression in the epithelium using a monoclonal antibody that was reactive to formalin-fixed paraffin wax embedded tissue. RESULTS: HLA-DR antigen was expressed in all of the inflammatory polyps studied (20/20), and in most hyperplastic (12/16) and adenomatous (4/6) polyps. Only a few fundic gland polyps (8/51) stained positively for HLA-DR antigen. Gastric polyps seem to have a greater tendency to express HLA-DR antigens than non-polypoid gastric mucosa, even after considering the factors that may affect HLA-DR antigen expression, such as inflammation and the presence of H pylori. CONCLUSIONS: Growth disturbances/polyp formation may be associated with increased HLA-DR antigen expression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The histological and immunohistochemical evidence of squamous metaplasia from the myoepithelial cells in the breast.

Squamous metaplasia in the breast is well documented. However, the putative cell of origin for the squamous epithelium is not clear. This paper describes a case of fibroadenoma of the breast with myoepithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. The histological finding of transition between myoepithelial cells and squamous cells and the immunohistochemical expressions of actin and S-100 in the metaplastic squamous cells support the myoepithelial origin of squamous epithelium in the breast.

Actins↗
PubMed1990

Spindle cell carcinoma of the breast.

A case of spindle cell carcinoma of the breast in association with myoepithelial cell hyperplasia is presented. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated labelling of tumour cells for cytokeratin, vimentin and S-100 protein. Electronmicroscopy showed desmosomes and bundles of tonofilaments as well as fine filaments in the cytoplasm. The findings in the present case point to the metaplastic spindle cell nature of squamous carcinoma of the breast. The possible role of myoepithelial cells in the origin of the spindle cell component is discussed.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Nerve sheath myxoma of the breast. A light and electron microscopic, histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

A nerve sheath myxoma involving the breast has been examined by light and electron microscopy, and by immunohistochemical and histochemical methods. Electron microscopically, cells with features indicative of Schwann cells, perineural cells and fibroblasts were identified in the tumour and S-100 protein and vimentin positivity was demonstrated in the tumour cells. The mucoid matrix stained positive for chondroitin-4 or 6-sulphate in keeping with a cartilaginous lesion. These findings are discussed in relation to the uncertain histogenesis and the differential diagnoses of the tumour in the breast.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Occurrence and expression of cytokeratins in carcinoid tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and their probable precursor cells.

Occurrence and expression of cytokeratins were studied by the immunoperoxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded material from 18 cases of carcinoid tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Polyclonal antikeratin for wide spectrum screening was detected in 12 cases; low molecular weight cytokeratins, C19 and CAM5.2 were positive in majority of the cases whereas antikeratins for high molecular weight were negative in all. Similar positive immuno-reactivity with antibodies to cytokeratins were detected in the surrounding epithelial cells. These results suggest that carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract originate from the endodermal stem cell and differentiates along one or more directions, and the immunohistochemical findings depend upon the direction of their differentiation.

Appendiceal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Breast cancer in West Indian women in Trinidad.

A retrospective review of breast cancer in West Indian women in Trinidad is presented. Breast cancer constituted 17% of all cancers diagnosed and represented 26% of all cancers in females. The usual presenting symptom was a painless lump. The right breast and the upper outer quadrant were the common site of cancer. 85% of the patients were multiparous with an average of 4 children and 92% of them breast fed. Most patients presented in stage I disease, but a significant number of cases were in an advanced stage of the disease. Infiltrating duct carcinoma was the most frequent histological diagnosis and lobular carcinoma was seen in 1% of the cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Immunohistochemical demonstration of renin in the endometrium.

Increased levels of plasma prorenin, an inactive form of renin, and renin were demonstrated during normal menstrual cycles and the source of this enzyme was thought to be the ovary. To demonstrate that endometrium may produce renin, an immunohistochemistry for human renin was used in this study. Renin containing cells either in the glands or in the stroma were demonstrated in 5 of 20 sections of endometria. Since a product of renin, angiotensin II has been found to have angiogenic properties and may have a role in repair process, we postulate that renin containing cells present only in proliferative phase endometria may be involved in repair or regeneration of the endometrium.

Endometrium↗
PubMed1988

Lectin expression in carcinoid tumours of the gastrointestinal tract.

The binding of peroxidase-conjugated Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Canavalia ensiformis (Con A), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Lotus tetragonolobus, and Bandeiraea simplicifolia I (BSAI) to gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours was studied. The results indicate that carcinoid tumour cells express certain carbohydrates similar to those present in the adjacent surface epithelium. The differences in the lectin-binding properties of carcinoid tumours of different sites of the gastrointestinal tract are closely related to the regional differences in the lectin binding of adjacent surface epithelium. These observations therefore form a useful basis for further studies in the application of lectin histochemistry to elucidate the histogenesis of carcinoid tumours.

Appendiceal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1988

The expression and localization of amylase in normal and malignant glands of the endometrium and endocervix.

Amylase activity was studied in 70 specimens of normal endometrium, 21 normal endocervices, 19 endometrial carcinomas, and 20 endocervical adenocarcinomas. Amylase was observed in the secretory (8.7 per cent) but not in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. It is possible that the presence of amylase activity may serve a functional role in the degradation of glycogen to glucose in the secretory endometrium. The great majority (90.5 per cent) of uterine cervices showed strong and extensive staining of the endocervical glands for amylase. No glycogen was demonstrated and the role of amylase in endocervical glands remains obscure. Amylase was observed in one (5.3 per cent) out of 19 cases of endometrial carcinoma, and the presence of this enzyme may be considered a eutopic rather than an ectopic expression. Amylase was not detected in any of the endocervical adenocarcinomas examined. This study has shown a complete loss of amylase activity in malignant transformation of endocervical glands and this could be attributable to the immature nature of de-differentiated neoplastic cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Lectin binding in the male breast.

Twenty-four male breast lesions including ten normal, ten gynaecomastia, and four infiltrating carcinomas were studied for the presence and distribution of lectin binding carbohydrates. For comparison, tissue sections of five normal female breast lesions, ten each of fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma, and carcinoma, were also included in this study. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were tested with Glycine maximus (SBA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Concanavalia ensiformis (Con A), Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), and Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BSAI). The lectin-binding patterns were similar in normal, gynaecomastia, and carcinoma, and were not pathognomonic to any male breast lesion. These lectin reactive patterns in the male breast appear to be similar to those reported for the female breast lesions.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1988

Elastosis in the male breast.

Elastosis, a common finding in infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinomas of the female breast, has also been described in a variety of other benign and malignant lesions. However, elastosis has not been previously documented in male breast lesions. Ten cases of gynaecomastia and five neoplastic lesions of the male breast were evaluated for elastosis. In gynaecomastia, elastosis is a feature of the ducts surrounded by collagenized fibrous tissue but not of ducts with loose connective tissue stroma. This association is also evident to some extent in neoplastic lesions. These findings suggest that elastosis is an expression of periductal fibrosis irrespective of the nature of the lesion.

Breast↗
PubMed1988

Expression of the cytokeratin marker CAM 5.2 in cervical neoplasia.

It has been suggested that cytokeratin CAM 5.2 is a useful marker to indicate malignant transformation and invasive potential in cervical neoplasia. In this study we examined normal ectocervical epithelium, endocervical squamous metaplasia, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive carcinoma by the indirect immunoperoxidase method using commercially available CAM 5.2. Positive staining was seen in 12 of 42 (28%) invasive carcinomas and in 2 of 26 specimens of CIN III. No positive staining was observed in any case of CIN II (22 specimens), CIN I (19), squamous metaplasia (21) or normal ectocervical epithelium (16). These results suggest that although CAM 5.2 expression is found in only 28% of cervical squamous carcinoma, it is highly specific for malignant transformation of cervical squamous epithelium. In view of its potential diagnostic value in doubtful cases of CIN III and squamous cell carcinoma, the specificity and sensitivity of CAM 5.2 expression in cervical neoplasia need to be examined in other laboratories under various processing schedules.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1988

Expression of IgA and secretory component in the normal and in adenocarcinomas of Fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix.

The occurrence and localization of IgA and secretory components (SC) were examined in the normal and in adenocarcinomas of Fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix. IgA-containing immunocytes were identified in the stroma of 90% of normal Fallopian tubes. It is suggested that the Fallopian tube may have an immunological function and may, together with the endocervix, constitute the local secretory immune system of the female genital tract. IgA and SC were frequently demonstrated in the cytoplasm and luminal secretion of adenocarcinomas of the endocervix, endometrium and Fallopian tube. This study has shown a decrease in immunoreactivity of SC among poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas but has failed to demonstrate any correlation between the expression of IgA and the degree of differentiation of the tumours. Secretory component appears, therefore, to be more useful than IgA as an indicator of secretory activity and differentiation of adenocarcinomas of the female genital tract.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Adenomyosis uteri: a study of 416 cases.

Adenomyosis was noted in 16% of 2,616 consecutive hysterectomy specimens examined during a 7-year period. Multiparas between the ages of 30 and 50 years were most commonly affected. Abnormal uterine bleeding was the common symptom. Myohyperplasia and leiomyomas were the usual associated lesions. Adenomyosis uteri was seen equally in women of African, Indian and mixed races in this West Indian population.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours: histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

The histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical features of twenty gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours are presented. Histologically, the foregut and hindgut carcinoids showed trabecular pattern and midgut carcinoid tumours usually showed insular type of growth. Histochemically, using the silver stains by the Grimelius and Masson-Fontana techniques, most (18 cases) were argyrophilic and 8 were argentaffin positive. Two appendiceal carcinoids were non-reactive. Mucin positivity was noted in a case of mucin producing carcinoid of the appendix. Immunohistochemistry for wide spectrum keratin, cytokeratin PKK1, carcinoembryonic antigen, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament and S-100 protein revealed epithelial and neural characteristics of carcinoid tumour cells. Wide spectrum keratin was positive in 12 while cytokeratin PKKI was negative in all. Carcinoembryonic antigen positivity was noted in 8 cases. Neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivity was seen in 18 cases whereas neurofilament was negative. S-100 protein positive cells were observed in close contact with and/or intermingled with tumour cells but the tumour cells themselves were negative. Immunoreactivity for somatostatin was seen in 8 cases, glucagon in three, and corticotrophin, insulin and gastrin in one case each. More than one hormone expression was noted in three cases, one each of gastric, appendiceal and rectal carcinoid tumours. These findings suggest that carcinoid tumours may develop from an uncommitted cell native to the site of tumour and differentiates along one or more directions, and the immunohistochemical findings and secretory profile of these tumour cells depend upon the direction of their differentiation.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen↗
PubMed1988

Intussusception in infancy and childhood.

Intussusception is the commonest cause of intestinal obstruction in childhood in Trinidad. A review of 94 consecutive cases seen at the General Hospital, Port-of-Spain, over a 12-year period (1974-1985) indicates that there had been a very rapid increase in incidence of intussusception in the last 4 years. The majority were under 1 year of age (87%) and there was a predominance in the Negro child (62%). Male to female ratio was 1.2:1. A high misdiagnosis rate (55%) lead to inappropriate treatment and delay in surgical intervention. This resulted in a high case fatality (6.4%) and complication rate. In order to minimize morbidity and mortality from intussusception steps must be taken to ensure earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Cecal Diseases↗