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Biomedical subjects

G D Bates

Publications and source records attributed to G D Bates.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Catatonia, autism, and ECT.

We describe the clinical presentation, course, and treatment response of a 14-year-old boy with catatonic stupor. This patient, with a preexisting diagnosis of autism, displayed mutism, akinesia, and an extreme level of rigidity, waxy flexibility, posturing, including the psychological pillow, facial grimacing, and other involuntary movements of his upper extremities. In addition he had symptoms suggestive of a depressive disorder as well as some non-specific psychotic symptoms. Intravenous injection of sodium amytal failed to resolve any motor symptoms, although he showed a good response to the zolpidem test. A course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) caused dramatic and sustained relief of catatonic stupor without a change in the symptoms of autism. The presentation of catatonia in autism and the use of ECT in children are discussed, and the available literature reviewed. This is the first description of the use of ECT in the treatment of catatonia coinciding with autism and we confirm its efficacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Tardive dyskinesia: probing abnormal metabolism with promethazine.

Ten in-patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) (mean AIMS score 16.7) and 8 controls were recruited to the study, and 3 h after oral administration of promethazine a blood sample was taken for assay of levels of promethazine and its immediate metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The TD group had a variety of indicators of impaired or slow metabolism compared to the controls. There was a significant difference in the ratio of promethazine to promethazine sulphoxide (P < 0.05) between patients with TD and the control group. The TD group but not the controls showed increasing metabolic impairment with age. This small study confirms the previous reports of impaired neuroleptic metabolism in TD, particularly in the elderly.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Determination of skin:air partition coefficients for volatile chemicals: experimental method and applications.

The partition coefficient (PC) of a chemical in skin is an indicator of the capacity for a chemical in the skin and may reflect the rate at which a chemical penetrates the skin and enters into systemic circulation. In this study we present a simple method to measure the skin:air PC for volatile organic chemicals. Important considerations in the development of this method for a skin:air PC were the effect of size and shape of the skin sample, initial chemical concentration, and time to equilibrium in the skin. Clipped, whole-thickness skin was obtained from the dorsal surface of 8- to 16-week-old male F-344 rats. After removal of the hypodermis, skin was cut into strips and placed on the side of a glass vial. An organic chemical vapor was introduced into a sealed sample vial (initial concentration before equilibration was 203 ppm) and a corresponding reference vial, which were equilibrated at 32 degrees C. Headspace concentrations at equilibrium were used to determine a skin:air PC value. After developing the technique using dibromomethane, a skin:air PC value was determined for perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, benzene, hexane, toluene, m-xylene, styrene, methyl chloroform, methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, halothane, and isoflurane. The skin:air PC values correlated with previously determined vapor permeability constants but correlated poorly with octanol/water PC values. This method provides a screening technique for predicting skin penetration of volatile chemicals.

Air↗