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Biomedical subjects

G D Chisholm

Publications and source records attributed to G D Chisholm.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Short-term prophylaxis with cefotaxime for prostatic surgery.

A randomised controlled trial of a new cephalosporin, cefotaxime, was carried out in men undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. The purpose of the trial was to determine whether 48-hour prophylaxis with this new broad-spectrum, non-nephrotoxic cephalosporin would reduce postoperative bacteriuria and postoperative complications. The treated patients fared significantly better than the non-treated patients in having fewer febrile episodes, fewer episodes of tachycardia, a lower incidence of appreciable bacteriuria postoperatively, and fewer complications, and spending on average one day less in hospital. There was no difference in postoperative urea and creatinine concentrations between the groups, and no other side effects of cefotaxime occurred in this elderly population. Prophylaxis with cefotaxime would appear to make prostatic surgery safer.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1982

Observations on the ultrastructure of human urothelium: the response of normal bladder of elderly subjects to hyperthermia.

An electron microscopic study of normal bladder urothelium of elderly subjects treated by hyperthermic perfusions has shown that the tissue responds, sooner or later, in every instance by desquamation. There is no evidence of cell death prior to desquamation although various organelles undergo structural alterations. Mitochondria are especially prone to suffer varying degrees of damage. A short heat shock has revealed differences in the initial response of the thick and thin regions of bladder urothelium known to occur in elderly subjects. After a long, fractionated treatment, regeneration is evident within 3 days of the end of treatment, and follow-up biopsies have revealed a hyperplastic urothelium within 10 to 12 weeks. The constituent cells show signs of cytodifferentiation at this time but it remains unknown when an ultrastructurally normal urothelium with characteristic cell layers will be restored. The various treatments in this study suggest that the stem cells in the epithelium are unaffected by the levels of hyperthermia employed and that their unimpaired proliferative capacity ensures regeneration of the urothelium.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Studies of testicular and epididymal damage in relation to the occurrence of antisperm antibodies.

The relationship between testicular histopathology, follicle stimulating hormone levels, sperm density and the presence of antisperm antibodies was investigated. There was no association between damage to the seminiferous tubules and the presence of agglutinating or immobilising antisperm antibodies. In 2 patients with congenital obstructive azoospermia and pre-biopsy circulating antisperm antibody there was extensive lymphocytic, macrophage and plasma cell infiltration, fibrosis and perivasculitis on epididymal biopsy. Breaches in the blood epididymis barrier are worthy of further investigation when considering the genesis of antisperm antibodies.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1982

The bone scan as a tumour marker in prostatic carcinoma.

The technetium methylene diphosphate bone scan was elevated in 100 consecutive new patients presenting with carcinoma of the prostate. 48% of the patients has a positive bone scan at the initial diagnosis. The scan was more helpful than the skeletal X-ray in the diagnosis of bone metastases: 23% of the X-ray-negative patients were scan-positive. Serial bone scans were more sensitive than either X-rays or serum acid phosphatase in following the progress of the disease. It is concluded that the bone scan in patients with prostatic carcinoma can be used as a reliable tumour marker, especially for monitoring the course of metastases.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1982

Phaeochromocytomas of the bladder.

Phaeochromocytomas of the bladder are rare, only about 100 cases having been reported previously. Four adults with these lesions have been managed at Hammersmith Hospital in the past 10 years. Three patients had hypertension, together with syncopal attacks and/or headaches, induced by micturition. The fourth patient presented with haematuria. After control of blood pressure and localization of the tumours by various combinations of cystoscopy, intravenous urography, venous sampling, ultrasound, angiography and computerized coaxial tomography (CT scanning), 3 patients underwent partial cystectomy, and the fourth pelvic exenteration. Two patients were apparently cured of the disease, but 2 were not. One developed modal metastases and recurrence of hypertension after 18 months and one rapidly developed metastases in the lungs and elsewhere. Effective therapy probably requires a high index of suspicion in diagnosing the condition and possibly an aggressive surgical and radiotherapeutic policy.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Hypercalcaemia.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate.

Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate gland was studied in 27 patients. Three different groups were recognised on the basis of the clinical pattern and histological findings. Each group has a different prognosis and merits a different approach to treatment. Thus, stromal involvement of the prostate by transitional cell carcinoma is a sinister finding that requires radical treatment, whereas ductal involvement by either carcinoma in situ or non-invasive papillary tumours can be managed less aggressively. This study emphasises that the present classification for these tumours is unsatisfactory and that adequate histopathological information is essential for their management.

Carcinoma in Situ↗
PubMed1981

Androgen metabolism in the epithelial and stromal components of the human hyperplastic prostate.

The reduced and oxidized metabolites of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were measured in the stromal and epithelial components of 23 human hyperplastic prostates. Our studies indicate differences in the hormonal metabolic patterns of the stroma and epithelium of the resected specimens when compared with tissues obtained retropubically. Testosterone 5 alpha-reductase was evenly distributed between the two components of the specimens obtained retropubically whereas the 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was predominantly located in the stroma. The measurements on the resected specimens suggest, on the other hand, that the bulk of the 5 alpha reductase and 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities were confined to the stroma although these activities were considerably lower than those measured in the corresponding components of the retropublically obtained specimens. The conversion of testosterone to androstenedione was negligible in all the samples analysed. We therefore conclude that the stroma is the main site for the transformation of dihydrotestosterone to the androstanediol epimers and that the asymmetric distribution of the 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase may be instrumental in the development of hyperplasia in the prostate gland. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that electroresection impairs the enzymatic activities of the tissue.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗