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Biomedical subjects

G G Gallup

Publications and source records attributed to G G Gallup.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Social responding to mirrors in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): effects of temporary mirror removal.

As a result of a long-term, longitudinal project initiated in 1978, a pair of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed together in front of a mirror all their lives now exhibit relatively little interest in their reflection. Previous work has shown, however, that simply moving the mirror to a new location produces a short-term reinstatement of social responding to their images. As an extension of these findings, in this study the mirror was left in the same position but turned away from the cage. On turning the mirror back to face the cage 5 days later, both animals reacted as if confronted with another pair of monkeys and directed a burst of social responses at the mirror.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Thermal correlates of tonic immobility and social isolation in chickens.

Previous research has shown that core temperature in chickens drops following the induction of tonic immobility (TI), while hyperthermic trends emerge shortly after response termination. Other research has shown that birds placed in social isolation also become hyperthermic. Since testing for TI is usually carried out while animals are isolated, there is a question as to whether the hyperthermic reaction after the termination of TI has any relation to the episode of TI itself as opposed to being due to the effects of social isolation per se. The present series of studies found that although social isolation did produce significantly longer durations of TI and that the core temperature of isolated birds was affected, when core temperatures were independently raised or lowered, no significant differences were found in TI durations relative to controls. Additionally, in contrast to core temperature changes, shank temperature showed the opposite effect, while another peripheral temperature measure, wing temperature, remained stable.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Face touching in primates: a closer look.

Dimond and Harries (Neuropsychologia 22, 227-233, 1984) claim that monkeys, unlike great apes and humans, rarely touch their faces. These authors reported the existence of a left-hand preference for face touching in great apes and humans. Using two species of macaques, we found an incidence of face touching by monkeys which was much higher than that reported by Dimond and Harries. Moreover, a re-analysis of their data failed to show any evidence for species differences in lateralization of face touching by primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Apparent analgesic effects of morphine in chickens may be confounded by motor deficits.

Three experiments were conducted with chickens to examine the effects of morphine on nociception and motor coordination. In Experiment 1, using shock-elicited vocalization as an index of pain, doses of 5, 20, and 30 mg/kg of morphine failed to affect vocalization thresholds. In the second experiment, 30 mg/kg of morphine failed to affect vocalization thresholds at varying times since injection. In Experiment 3, 30 mg/kg of morphine significantly impaired movement in response to nonaversive stimulation. These results show that previous evidence for an analgesic effect of morphine in chickens may have been due to morphine effects on motor initiation and/or coordination.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Chlordiazepoxide and tonic immobility: a paradoxical enhancement.

Four experiments were conducted with chickens to examine the effects of chlordiazepoxide on tonic immobility, which has been implicated as an innate fear response. Not only did chlordiazepoxide produce a paradoxical dose-dependent increase in the duration of tonic immobility, but birds treated with chlordiazepoxide showed significantly enhanced shock-termination thresholds. Using two separate tolerance paradigms, the enhancement due to chlordiazepoxide was shown to be independent of the sedative and/or muscle relaxant effects of the drug. These findings have interesting implications for the supposed anxiolytic effects of the benzodiazepines and the relationship between fear and serotonin in avian species.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Do minds exist in species other than our own?

An answer to the question of animal awareness depends on evidence, not intuition, anecdote, or debate. This paper examines some of the problems inherent in an analysis of animal awareness, and whether animals might be aware of being aware is offered as a more meaningful distinction. A framework is presented which can be used to make a determination about the extent to which other species have experiences similar to ours based on their ability to make inferences and attributions about mental states in others. The evidence from both humans and animals is consistent with the idea that the capacity to use experience to infer the experience of others is a byproduct of self-awareness.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

p-Chloroamphetamine: effects on tonic immobility, activity, and temperature in chickens.

The effects of p-chloramphetamine (PCA) on tonic immobility (TI) duration, activity, and temperature in chickens were examined in six experiments. In Experiment 1, intraperitoneal doses of 10 or 15 mg/kg PCA produced a significant attenuation of TI duration. The involvement of norepinephrine or dopamine in this effect is questionable since catecholamine synthesis inhibition with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine in Experiment 2 did not alter the PCA attenuation of TI duration. However, in the third and fourth experiments, serotonin synthesis inhibition with p-chlorophenylalanine produced a blockade of the PCA effect on TI when subjects were tested at 60, but not 10, min after PCA injection. A competing response interpretation of the PCA effect in terms of enhanced motor activity was ruled out in Experiment 5 since, in contrast to the hyperactivity observed in mammals, PCA produced a decrease in both open-field and stabilimeter activity. A PCA-induced decrease in core temperature was observed in Experiment 6, and this effect also contrasts with the hyperthermia reported in rats following PCA injection. These results provide additional evidence that drug treatments that produce a serotonergic behavioral syndrome in rats result in attenuated TI duration in chickens, and they further document the existence of a curious mammalian-avian reversal in drug effects.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1980

Failure to find self-recognition in mother-infant and infant-infant rhesus monkey pairs.

To date, chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans are the only species which have been shown capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors. In an attempt to make the identity of the reflection more explicit we report two experiments in which rhesus monkeys were given paired access to a common mirror over an extended period. While developmental differences in mirror behavior were obtained, signs of self-recognition failed to emerge. The results were discussed in terms of the absence in monkeys of an essential cognitive category for processing mirrored information about the self.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Morphine potentiation of tonic immobility: effects of naloxone, PCPA, and 5,6-DHT.

The duration of tonic immobility in chickens, a catatonic-like state produced by brief restraint, was greatly potentiated by a single 1.0 mg/kg injection of morphine. Naloxone by itself, however, had no effect on tonic immobility, and only an exceptionally large dose of naloxone blocked the morphine potentiation. Pretreatment with PCPA and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine completely eliminated the morphine enhancement. The effect of morphine on tonic immobility may be mediated by a central serotonergic-raphe system.

5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMed1979

Pargyline and tryptophan enhancement of tonic immobility: paradoxical attenuation with combined administration.

Four experiments were conducted to examine the individual and combined effects of pargyline and tryptophan on the duration of tonic immobility in chickens. Injection of either compound alone produced a dose-dependent potentiation of tonic immobility. However, combined administration of pargyline and tryptophan resulted in a dramatic attenuation of the response and this effect was completely blocked by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine. In addition to reducing the duration of tonic immobility, combined administration of pargyline and tryptophan produced a complex behavioral syndrome which may be analogous to that observed in mammals after similar drug treatment. These results suggest the need for a modification of the recently proposed serotonergic-raphe model of tonic immobility.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Absence of self-recognition in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following prolonged exposure to a mirror.

To date only chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans have been found capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors. In an attempt to provide a more definitive test of the capacity for self-recognition in monkeys. I gave a preadolescent crab-eating macaque 2400 hr of mirror exposure. However, patterns of self-directed behavior never developed and a more explicit test of self-recognition yielded negative results. The data indicate possible differences between great apes and monkeys in self-awareness.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Tryptophan and tonic immobility in chickens: effects of dietary and systemic manipulations.

Consistent with a serotonergic-midbrain raphe model of tonic immobility, four experiments designed to affect changes in serum tryptophan produced reliable effects on the duration of the response in chickens. Systemic injections of tryptophan, the dietary precursor to serotonin, led to a dose-dependent increase in immobility, with optimal effects being observed within 30 min after injection. Dietary depletion of endogenous tryptophan served to attenuate the duration of immobility, and a diet completely free of tryptophan, but supplemented with niacin, practically abolished the reaction. Dietary replacement served to reinstate the response. In a fifth experiment, tryptamine, an alternative metabolic by-product of tryptophan, was found to have no effect on immobility. The data are discussed in light of evidence showing serotonergic involvement in tonic immobility.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

Habituation and tonic immobility in domestic chickens.

The habituation of tonic immobility in chickens was examined in six studies. It was shown that repeated elicitation of immobility, and not just handling, was responsible for reduced response durations after multiple exposures to manual restraint. Habituation was a function of the number of stimulus presentations and, in addition, proved surprisingly durable, with diminished reactions using lasting at least 2.5 mo. Strain differences were found in the number of trials required to reach a criteria of habituation, and habituation proceeded faster when immobility termination was self-paced as opposed to experimenter induced. Also, massed trials produced robust sensitization effects rather than diminished responsiveness.

Animals↗