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G Goelman

Publications and source records attributed to G Goelman.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Osteonecrosis in a chemically induced rat model of human hemolytic disorders associated with thrombosis--a new model for avascular necrosis of bone.

Bone injury occurs in human hemolytic disorders associated with thrombosis, such as beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Exposure of rats to 2-butoxyethanol (BE) has been associated with hemolytic anemia, disseminated thrombosis, and infarction in multiple organs including bone. This rat model apparently mimics acute hemolysis and thrombosis in humans. To elucidate the extent of bone injury, male and female Fischer F344 rats were given 4 daily doses of 250 mg BE/5 ml water/kg of body weight. Tail vertebrae were studied by histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thrombosis and infarction were seen in both sexes, but females were more severely affected. Lesions were characterized by extensive medullary fat necrosis, granulomatous inflammation, fibroplasia, growth plate degeneration, and new woven bone formation adjacent to necrotic bone trabeculae. MRI mean and standard deviation tissue-density data for both sexes indicated a significant (P < or = 0.05) decrease following 4-days treatment and a significant increase (P < or = 0.05) following an additional 24 days without treatment. Thus, MRI was useful in revealing BE-induced bone injury, which was predominantly necrotic initially and subsequently regenerative with proliferation of connective tissue and bone following postischemia recovery.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Fast 3D T(2)-weighted MRI with Hadamard encoding in the slice select direction.

A fast method to obtain 3-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging with long repetition times is presented. It can be used to obtain fast 3D MRI with for example T(2) or diffusion weighted imaging. The method uses a 3D multiple thin slab sequence with radio frequency encoding, preferably Hadamard encoding, in the slice select direction. The point-spread function of the Hadamard-encoded slices is close to ideal even at low encoding numbers. This allows the acquisition of 3D data volumes with tolerable image quality up to four times faster than is possible using Fourier phase encoding. The scope of the method includes both longitudinal and transverse encoding. Longitudinal encoding provides a better point spread function than transverse encoding, at the expense of having to discard one slice per slab. The method is demonstrated experimentally for 4th order longitudinal Hadamard encoding to obtain 3D T(2)-weighted images.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Complex denoising of MR data via wavelet analysis: application for functional MRI.

A fast post-processing method for noise reduction of MR images, termed complex-denoising, is presented. The method is based on shrinking noisy discrete wavelet transform coefficients via thresholding, and it can be used for any MRI data-set with no need for high power computers. Unlike previous wavelet application to MR images, the denoising algorithm is applied, separately, to the two orthogonal sets of the complex MR image. The norm of the combined data are used to construct the image. With this method, signal-noise decoupling and Gaussian white noise assumptions used in the wavelet noise suppression scheme, are better fulfilled. The performance of the method is tested by carrying out a qualitative and quantitative comparison of a single-average image, complex-denoised image, multiple-average images, and a magnitude-denoised image, of a standard phantom. The comparison shows that the complex-denoising scheme improves the signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios more than the magnitude-denoising scheme, particularly in low SNR regions. To demonstrate the method strength, it is applied to fMRI data of somatosensory rat stimulation. It is shown that the activation area in a cross-correlation analysis is approximately 63% larger in the complex-denoised versus original data sets when equal threshold value is used. Application of the method of Principal Component Analysis to the complex-denoised, magnitude-denoised, and original data sets results in a similar but higher variance of the first few principal components obtained from the former data set as compared to those obtained from the later two sets.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Hadamard encoding with surface coils for high SNR MR spectroscopy.

The advantages of Hadamard over phase encoding in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) applied with surface coils in the direction perpendicular to the coil are demonstrated experimentally. With the recently introduced, time-shifted adiabatic pulses, the application of Hadamard encoding with surface coils results with almost ideal point spread function for pixels up to a distance of a radius from the coil. Comparison to phase encoding with equal region of interest size shows the significant advantage of Hadamard encoding in slice sharpness, overlapping, and spatial contamination. In addition, since there is no aliasing in Hadamard space, the total experimental time for the same region of interest is much shorter. We conclude that the hybrid of Hadamard encoding in the direction perpendicular to the coil and phase encoding in other directions is the method of choice to obtain reliable high signal to noise ratio MRS in vivo.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed1998

3D multivoxel proton spectroscopy of human brain using a hybrid of 8th-order Hadamard encoding with 2D chemical shift imaging.

Multivoxel 3D localized proton spectroscopy using a hybrid of 1D 8th-order transverse Hadamard spectroscopic imaging (HSI) with 2D chemical shift imaging (CSI) is demonstrated in human brain. The spatially selective HSI pulse incorporates naturally into the PRESS sequence (TE = 135 ms), which then both excites an 8 x 8 x 6 cm parallelepiped volume of interest (VOI) and subdivides it into eight slices. The planes of these slices are further partitioned into 16 x 16 voxel arrays using 2D CSI to yield 8 x 8 x 8 voxels within the VOI. Simultaneous 3D coverage yields good voxel signal-to-noise (8, 12, and 22 for choline, creatine, and N-acetylaspartate, respectively) from these 0.75-ml voxels, in approximately 45 min. The high spatial isolation allows localization to within less than 1 cm from the skull without fat contamination.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

3D localized in vivo 1H spectroscopy of human brain by using a hybrid of 1D-Hadamard with 2D-chemical shift imaging.

We report acquisition of 3D image-guided localized proton spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in the human brain on a standard clinical imager. 3D coverage is achieved with a hybrid of chemical shift imaging (CSI) and transverse Hadamard spectroscopic imaging (HSI). 16 x 16 x 4 arrays of 3.5 and 1 ml voxels were obtained in 27 min. The spatially selective HSI 90 degrees pulses incorporate naturally into a PRESS double spin-echo sequence to subdivide the VOI into four partitions along its short axis. 2D CSI (16 x 16) is performed along the other long axes. Because the hybrid excites the spins in the entire VOI, a square-root-N signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) gain per given examination time is realized compared with sequentially interleaving N 2D slices. A two-fold gain in sensitivity is demonstrated in the brain for N = 4.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Two methods for peak RF power minimization of multiple inversion-band pulses.

Two novel methods to minimize peak RF power for high order longitudinal Hadamard encoding are described and demonstrated experimentally. The first method uses the fact that the choice of a reference phase in an inversion process does not affect the final frequency response. In this method, the different single inversion-band pulses are added together, each with a different reference phase. For a proper phase choice, minimization of the peak RF power is obtained. Scaling laws are defined allowing the use of a given phase-set in multiple cases. In the second method, single inversion-band pulses are added together, each partially shifted in time. This results in a significant reduction in peak power with only a moderate increase in pulse length. Theoretical conditions outlining the optimal addition order are defined. Experimental results verify the theoretical conditions and demonstrate that the frequency response is not affected by the peak power minimization process. With the new low peak RF power, longitudinal Hadamard encoding of 8TH (or 16TH) order can be performed in any clinical setting.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed1995

Hybrid three dimensional (1D-Hadamard, 2D-chemical shift imaging) phosphorus localized spectroscopy of phantom and human brain.

A hybrid of two localized spectroscopy techniques, chemical shift imaging (CSI) and Hadamard spectroscopic imaging (HSI), is used to obtain an array of 16 x 16 x 4 (3 x 3 x 3 cm3 voxels) proton-decoupled phosphorus (31P) spectra of human brain. For equal spatial resolution, this organ's oblate shape requires fewer axial than coronal or sagittal slices. These different spatial requirements are well suited to 1D, 4th order, transverse HSI in the axial direction, combined with 2D 16 x 16 CSI in the other two orientations. The reduced localization matrix (16 x 16 x 4 over just the brain versus a cubic-16 x 16 x 16 matrix of equal resolution, over the entire head) may proportionally shorten data acquisition if the voxel size is not signal-to-noise limited. In addition, the use of Hadamard encoding can improve the intervoxel spectral isolation.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Fast Hadamard spectroscopic imaging techniques.

Fast Hadamard spectroscopic imaging (HSI) techniques are presented. These techniques combine transverse and longitudinal encoding to obtain multiple-volume localization. The fast techniques are optimized for nuclei with short T2 and long T1 relaxation times and are therefore suitable for in vivo 31P spectroscopy. When volume coils are used in fast HSI techniques, the signal-to-noise ratio per unit time (SNRT) is equal to the SNRT in regular HSI techniques. When surface coils are used, fast HSI techniques give significant improvement of SNRT over conventional HSI. Several fast techniques which are different in total experimental time and pulse demands are presented. When the number of acquisitions in a single repetition time is not higher than two, fast HSI techniques can be used with surface coils and the B1 inhomogeneity does not affect the localization. Surface-coil experiments on phantoms and on human calf muscles in vivo are presented. In addition, it is shown that the localization obtained by the HSI techniques are independent of the repetition times.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Spectral localization of arbitrarily shaped regions of interest (SLASH) using single voxel signals.

A method for obtaining localized spectra from arbitrarily shaped regions of interest is described. When a sample consists of homogeneous compartments or domains, spectra localized in each compartment can be obtained from signals of single voxels with regular shapes by solving a set of simultaneous linear equations. Experimental demonstrations on a phantom and on human brain in vivo for a two compartment, two voxel case are presented. The issue of signal-to-noise ratio is also discussed.

Brain↗
PubMed1993

pH heterogeneity during exercise in localized spectra from single human muscles.

We investigated whether pH heterogeneity in skeletal muscle during exercise, observed with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, represents muscle fiber type heterogeneity. Localized spectra were simultaneously acquired from the soleus, medial, and lateral gastrocnemius using a multivolume localization technique, the Hadamard spectroscopic imaging (HSI) technique. Contamination of nonselected regions to the localized volumes was < 5%. HSI-localized spectra were obtained from the calf muscles of untrained subjects and a small group of athletes. Two plantar flexion exercise protocols were implemented: a "maximal" high frequency protocol and a "steady-state" protocol at low contraction frequency (0.25 Hz). pH heterogeneity was observed in localized spectra of single muscles during both exercise protocols, as indicated by the large Pi line width. During maximal exercise the Pi line width was up to three times wider than the phosphocreatine line width, covering an entire pH unit. During the steady-state exercise, in three subjects the Pi peak clearly resolved into two distinct peaks, one at low pH and one at high pH. As pH heterogeneity was observed in localized spectra of single muscles during both exercise protocols, it most likely reflects the metabolic heterogeneity between fiber types.

Exercise↗
PubMed1992

Hadamard spectroscopic imaging technique as applied to study human calf muscles.

In vivo results obtained by the B1 insensitive Hadamard spectroscopic imaging multivolume technique used with a surface coil are shown. The functional behavior of different human calf muscles during exercise was determined and the Pi/PCr ratio in each calf muscle, during steady-state conditions, was measured as a function of work level. Different levels of metabolic and physical activity were observed at the three calf muscles.

Humans↗