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Biomedical subjects

G Hagemann

Publications and source records attributed to G Hagemann.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Differential responsiveness of neocortical areas in the parieto-occipital region to low-intensity stimulation in vitro.

1. Extracellular recording techniques were used to map the responses to low-intensity stimuli across rat neocortical slices prepared from the parieto-occipital region. Intracellular recordings were obtained in regions of particular interest. After electrophysiological recording, slices were fixed in paraformaldehyde (4%) and Nissl-stained to allow identification of cytoarchitectonically discrete areas. 2. In most neocortical areas of the parieto-occipital region (Par1, HL, Fr1, Fr2), low-intensity stimuli applied to layer V evoked only short monophasic field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in layer II/III. In Oc2 (secondary visual cortex, rostral part), however, a long-lasting potential (up to 450 ms) consistently followed the short monophasic response seen in the other areas. 3. The late response observed in Oc2 was characterized by its inter-stimulus variability, polyphasic appearance and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor dependence. Intracellular recordings obtained from layer II/III pyramidal neurons located in Oc2 revealed short-latency, monophasic early excitatory postsynaptic potentials (eEPSPs) followed by long-lasting excitatory postsynaptic potentials (eEPSPs) followed by long-lasting excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), which often triggered several action potentials 4. Recordings with two extracellular electrodes, one positioned directly above the stimulation electrode and the other at a variable distance (but also in layer II/III), suggested that the corresponding excitation spreads across the slice, but does not cross the cytoarchitectonic borders of Oc2. 5. Our data indicate that the electrophysiological responses to low-intensity stimuli differ within the parieto-occipital region of the rat neocortex. The type of response elicited depends on the cytoarchitectonic area in which the stimulus is applied. The results raise the question of whether further differences between neocortical subregions, with respect to basic electrophysiological properties, exist.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Electrophysiological transcortical diaschisis after cortical photothrombosis in rat brain.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The severity of functional deficits after a cortical infarction often does not correlate with lesion size. The stroke may affect pathways connecting to distant brain regions and therefore may also alter the function of remote parts of the cortex. Remote changes in electric activity, blood flow, and metabolism are called diaschisis. In the present study we addressed the question of whether in brain areas contralateral to a photochemically induced cortical infarction alteration of excitability can be observed as an indication of the effects of diaschisis. METHODS: We induced focal lesions in the sensory area at the border of the motor and occipital cortices by injecting the photosensitizing dye rose bengal and illuminating the skull stereotaxically. Seven days after induction of photothrombosis, electrophysiological recordings were obtained with standard methods from 400-microns-thick neocortical coronal slices. As an indication of inhibition we used a paired-pulse stimulus protocol and calculated a ratio of the amplitudes of the second versus the first excitatory postsynaptic potential. RESULTS: In lesioned animals we found a significant increase of the ratio over a wide zone of the neocortex, both ipsilateral and contralateral, compared with unlesioned animals. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a neocortical infarction leads to hyperexcitability not only in its direct vicinity but also in the contralateral hemisphere. Such hyperexcitability may contribute to increased activation of contralateral brain areas and to functional reorganization after stroke.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[The demonstration of heritable lethal mutations in the progeny of x-ray-irradiated CHO cells by micronucleus count in clone cells].

PURPOSE: Low doses of ionizing radiation reduce the growth rates of clones following irradiation of the progenitor cells. Such reductions of clone growth have been proven by means of measurements of clone size distributions. The medians of such distributions can be used to quantify the radiation damage. Prolongations of generation times and cell death as result of heritable lethal mutations have been discussed as causes for the reduction of clone growth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cell number of a clone of hypotetraploid CHO-cells was compared to the frequency of micronucleated binucleated cells in the same clone using the cytokinesis-block-micronucleus method. The dose dependent reduction of clone sizes is measured by the difference of the medians (after log transformation) of the clone size distributions. RESULTS: At cytochalasin-B concentrations of 1 microgram/ml and after an incubation time of 16 h a yield of binucleated cells of about 50% was obtained. Median clone size differences as a measure of clonal radiation damage increased linearly with incubation times of 76, 100, 124, and 240 h following irradiation with 3, 5, 7, and 12 Gy. The frequency of binucleated clone cells with micronuclei strongly increased with decreasing clone size by a factor up to 20 following irradiation with 3, 5, and 7 Gy. The frequency of micronucleated binucleated clone cells was found to be independent of incubation time after irradiation. CONCLUSION: Radiation induced clone size reductions result from cell losses caused by intraclonal expression of micronuclei which have its origin in heritable lethal mutations. Measurements of clone size distributions can be done automatically. They can serve as predictive test for determination of median cell loss rates of surviving cell clones.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Dose dependence of the frequency of micronucleated clone cells and division-related median clone size difference. II].

PURPOSE: Following irradiation of the progenitor cells the clone growth of CHO cells decreases as a result of cell losses. Lethally acting expressions of micronuclei are produced by heritable lethal mutations. The dependency of the frequency of micronucleated binucleated clone cells and of the median clone sizes difference on the radiation dose was measured and compared to non-irradiated controls. METHODS: Using the cytokinesis-block-micronucleus-method binucleated cells with micronuclei were counted as ration of all binucleated cells within a clone size distribution. This ratio (shortened: micronucleus yield) was determined for all clone size distributions, which had been exposed to different irradiation doses and incubation times. The micronucleus yields were compared to the corresponding median clone sizes differences. RESULTS: The micronucleus yield is linearly dependent on the dose and is independent of the incubation time. The same holds true for the division related median clone sizes difference, which as a result is also linearly dependent on the micronucleus yield. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the inevitably errors of the cell count of micronucleated binucleated cells, an automatic measurement of the median clone sizes differences is the preferred method for evaluation of cellular radiation sensitivity for heritable lethal mutations. This value should always be determined in addition, if clone survival fractions are used as predictive test because it allows for an estimation of the remission probability of surviving cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of the B800-850 light-harvesting complex from Rhodobacter sulphidophilus and its B800-830 spectral form.

We demonstrate that the B800-830 spectral form of the B800-850 peripheral light-harvesting complex of Rhodobacter sulphidophilus, which is formed at low ionic strengths in the presence of the zwitterionic detergent LDAO, results from a local modification of the bacteriochlorophyll binding site and not the dissociation of the complex. This perturbation does not result in significant changes to the interactions between the pigments as studied by circular dichroism or fluorescence spectroscopy; however, modifications in the pigment binding sites are inferred from changes in the preresonance Raman spectrum. Specifically, an alteration of the hydrogen bonding of the 2-acetyl group of at least one of the bacteriochlorophyll groups that make up the 850 nm absorbing pair is observed. This implies an alteration in the conformation of the C-terminal domain of the alpha-polypeptide, in which are located the two tyrosyl residues that are believed to act as H-bond donors to these groups, induced by the protein-bound detergent in the absence of bound cations. We suggest that the ability of this complex to form an 800-830 complex is linked to the presence of an aspartyl residue immediately upstream of the tyrosyl residues. This study therefore provides a further illustration of the importance of hydrogen bonds to the 2-acetyl group of the bacteriochlorophyll in the determination of its spectral properties; furthermore, we provide a description of a conformational change that is able to modulate chromophore binding in these complexes.

Bacteriochlorophylls↗
PubMed1995

Cellular correlates of neuronal hyperexcitability in the vicinity of photochemically induced cortical infarcts in rats in vitro.

Intrinsic membrane properties and synaptic responses of neocortical neurons located lateral to photochemically induced ischemic lesions were investigated using neocortical slice preparation. In comparison to neurons from control slices, these neurons had a significantly less negative resting membrane potential without any significant change in input resistance. In addition, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated synaptic inhibition was found to be less efficient; the conductances of both the early and late inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were significantly smaller, and the reversal potential of the early IPSP was shifted to a more positive value. In some of the neurons, 'epileptiform' postsynaptic potentials could be elicited, which were abolished after wash-in of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5). The results provide a possible explanation for the hyperexcitability found in the vicinity of cortical infarcts.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed1995

Astroglial responses in photochemically induced focal ischemia of the rat cortex.

This study investigated astroglial responses after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat cortex induced by photothrombosis. Astrocyte activation was studied at various time points by immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (VIM). We found a dual astrocytic response to focal ischemia: In the border zone of the infarct, GFAP-positive astrocytes were present within 2 days and persisted for 10 weeks. These astrocytes additionally expressed VIM. Remote from the ischemic lesion, cortical astrocytes of the entire ipsilateral hemisphere transiently expressed GFAP, but not VIM, beginning on day 3 after photothrombosis. This response had disappeared on day 14. By recording DC potentials, five to seven spreading depressions (SD) could be detected on the cortical surface during the first 2 h after photothrombosis. Treatment with MK801, a non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonist, completely abolished SD and remote ipsilateral astrocytic activation, while the reaction in the border zone of the infarct remained unchanged. Functionally, persistent astrocytosis around the infarct might be induced by leukocyte-derived cytokines, while NMDA-receptor-mediated SD might cause remote responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Comments on the topic of determining mean optical density in roentgen images].

The determination of the mean optical density in an X-ray film by means of an integral measurement with a photometer at long distances from the radiograph yields values which are too low for the high contrasts in a few portions of the image. By arithmetic comparison with the true mean optical density as computed by a scan measurement, one can obtain a correction quantity delta D, which, in the extreme case, can increase up to a value of 0.7 and has to be added to the result of the integral measurement. Because the mean optical density has an influence on the image quality and therefore on the diagnostic value of a radiograph, this correction has to be taken into account in practice and especially at measurements in the "Arztliche Stellen". These institutions are authorized by the BAK to check the radiographs made by practitioners and radiologists for a sufficient image quality.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Electrophysiological changes in the surrounding brain tissue of photochemically induced cortical infarcts in the rat.

Small infarctions in the parietal cortex of Wistar rats were produced photochemically using the Rose Bengal technique. The infarctions evoked reproducible cortical lesions of about 2 mm diameter. In the surrounding brain tissue changes in electrophysiological responses occurred. Whereas in control animals a paired-pulse inhibition could be evoked all over the neocortex, in infarcted animals the paired-pulse inhibition was significantly reduced or even absent within an area extending up to 5 mm lateral from the lesion center. The changes in paired-pulse inhibition were already present on the first day and persisted at least up to 60 days after infarction. These functional changes may contribute to neurological deficits occurring after cerebral infarcts.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Dose requirements for projection techniques in x-ray diagnosis].

The dose required in x-ray diagnosis depends upon the demands made on a diagnostically optimal x-ray film or in fluoroscopy, and upon the technical quality of the equipment. The actual dose requirement, derived from field studies, is juxtaposed on the basis of representative examples with the maximum permissible dose requirement in accordance with the prescribed minimum sensitivity values of the x-ray film. The ideal dose requirement has been stated by Cohen et al. (1981) by a formula basing on parallel beam, maximum quantum yield and Bucky grid effect depending on the signal to noise ratio and object contrast. This was checked by means of contrast detail diagrams measured at the hole phantom, and was additionally compared with measurement results obtained by Wust et al. (1989) with acrylic glass phantoms. The optimal dose requirement is obtained by the maximum technically possible approach to the ideal requirement level. Examples are given, besides for x-ray equipment with Gd2 O2 S screen film systems for grid screen mammography, and new thoracic examination systems for mass screenings. Finally, a few values concerning the dose requirement or the analogous time required for fluorescent screening in angiography and interventional radiology, are stated, as well as for dentistry and paediatric x-ray diagnostics.

Angiography↗
PubMed1991

[Digital radiography: optimization of chest radiographs using a modified exposure control].

Phototiming over the lung fields frequently compromises the signal-to-noise ratio available in the mediastinal and diaphragmatic regions of the chest. A moderate dose increase would be justified if a significant improvement in diagnostic performance could be achieved. We compared the impact of mediastinal phototiming (150 kVp, 150 cm FFD, 1.0 mm focus, 12:1 grid [higher kVp chosen to minimize dose increase]) to standard lungfield phototiming (125 kVp, 150 cm FFD, 1.0 mm focus, 12:1 grid) on the detectability of simulated pulmonary nodules (wax, 0.5-2.5 cm in diameter) superimposed on human volunteers in storage phosphor radiographs (1744 x 2144 pixels, 10 bit). ROC analysis of 1920 observations by 8 readers showed a significantly higher (p less than 0.03) detectability of simulated pulmonary nodules with mediastinal phototiming (ROC area = 0.89) than standard lungfield phototiming (ROC area = 0.84).

Humans↗
PubMed1991

[Comparative studies of the standardization of erysipeloid immune sera "Dessau" from swine using the mouse-protection test and ELISA].

Different serological methods were used in determining the valence of red murrain immune sera. By using a grow test it is possible to accomplish an immunological differentiation of the immune sera. The used ELISA was tested in comparison to the conventional mouse protective test (PRIGGE, 1950) with regard to its valuation of immune sera. Both procedures have been tested on a possible correlation. In almost all cases a correlation between high titres in ELISA and a mouse protective value over 100 I.E. could be proven. The statistical processing of the test results proved an assumed correlation of both procedures. But it is necessary to carry out further research in order to be able to recommend this procedure as an alternative for the mouse protection test.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Minimum resolution at a given dose for quality assurance of x-ray pictures].

The Federal German Board of Physicians ("Bundesärztekammer") has recently issued guide principles for quality assurance in x-ray diagnosis. These include the basic measurements defining important image details, sensitivity of screen-film combinations and exposure times. The conditions required for meeting the guide principles were tested, using low contrast grids for simulating tissues. Practical consequences from these measurements for radiographic techniques and for the use of test grids in quality assurance are detailed.

Germany, West↗
PubMed1990

Time courses of lidocaine effects on sodium membrane currents in small and large neurons.

Time courses of effects of lidocaine on sodium currents and sodium dependent action potentials were studied in somata of small and large neurons. Cultured rat sensory spinal ganglion cells (diameter: 30 microns) and neurons of the buccal ganglion of Helix pomatia (diameter: 150 microns) served as the test cells. The latency of the suppressive action of lidocaine was the longer the larger the of the cells was. Maximal blocking effects occurred within 10 min in sensory spinal ganglion cells and within 40 min in snail neurons. Model calculations based on the assumptions (i) that lidocaine is distributed in the extra- and intracellular space by simple diffusion and (ii) that the drug concentration at the outer surface of the cells is elevated stepwisely, revealed a strong dependency of intracellular concentration changes on the size of the cells. From these findings it is concluded that lidocaine blocks sodium channels primarily from the intracellular side.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

[Detection of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae specific antibodies in the serum of experimentally-infected swine by ELISA and immunoblotting].

In an attempt to characterize the immuno response of the animal organism to experimental infection, ELISA and immunoblotting were used to test the antibody levels of erysipelas hyperimmune sera (HIS) which had been induced by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Also, 5 pigs were accidentally chosen to check on individual curves of antibody formation, following periodical inoculation up to HIS collection. All HIS verified and confirmed by the mouse protective test responded by high titres. Yet, the results so far obtained from HIS titration have failed to be conclusive as to valency. The animals selected for these experiments exhibited differentiated antibody levels during the phase of immunisation, although they were at one and the same level, when measured by the final titre, following last boostering. The desired rise in antibody levels was achieved only by the 4th to 9th boostering in almost all cases. Extinction values determined by ELISA were confirmed or supplemented by the results obtained from immunoblotting.

Animals↗