Biomedical subjects

G Hallmans

Publications and source records attributed to G Hallmans.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

The protective effect of zinc on rosin and resin acid toxicity in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.

Combinations of rosin and zinc are used in dentistry as components of periodontal dressings and cements and as root canal sealers. The composition and properties of rosins differ largely depending on source and refinement processes. Rosin (colophony) is composed of approximately 70% resin acids. In order to study the toxic effects of different natural rosins and purified resin acids and the detoxifying effects of zinc, these compounds were analyzed and tested on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN cells) and human gingival fibroblasts using the radiochromium release method. The rosins and the pure resin acids showed a strong dose-related cytotoxicity, which was inhibited by increased zinc concentrations. The purified resin acids (isopimaric, levopimaric, and neoabietic acid) were more toxic than the natural rosins. The contents of these resin acids might explain the difference in toxicity of the rosins tested. It is concluded that rosin and zinc are not to be considered inert compounds and that the cytoprotective effects of zinc and its role in dentistry products merit further investigations.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Cardiovascular disease risk factors and dental caries in adolescents: effect of a preventive program in Northern Sweden (the Norsjö project).

Since 1985 a 10 year prevention programme aiming to reduce cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been running in the county of Västerbotten in Northern Sweden. The project started in Norsjö. The present investigation is a study on dietary intake, medical CVD risk factors and dental caries in five cross-sectional groups of 15-year-olds during 5 years (1987-1991) of the "Norsjö project". Most of the measured medical and dietary variables followed a similar trend, i.e. a positive trend during the first 3 years (1987-1989) and in the last 2 years (1990-1991) the averages returned towards baseline values. Dental caries prevalence followed a similar trend. Parental educational level did not have a major influence on diet or medical CVD risk factors, but higher caries scores were noted in adolescents with parents with "low" education compared with adolescents where the parents had higher educational levels. The results from the study also point to the fact that dental caries prevalence together with body mass index may indicate adolescents with CVD risk factors at unfavourable levels. Dietary counselling by dental personnel to adolescents with high caries and moderate obesity can be of advantage in reducing caries risk, as well as risk for development of CVD at higher ages.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Different HLA-DR-DQ haplotypes are associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among human papillomavirus type-16 seropositive and seronegative Swedish women.

To analyze whether HLA may be a determinant of the risk of developing cervical cancer precursor lesions, the association between HLA and cervical neoplasia among HPV16-seropositive and -negative subjects was determined in a population-based cohort in the Västerbotten county of Northern Sweden. HLA genotyping of DR and DQ was done by PCR in 74 patients and 164 healthy controls matched for age, sex and area of residence. The presence of DQA1*0102 was weakly associated with cervical neoplasia in HPV16-seropositive patients. DQB1*0602 was weakly associated with disease in all patients, but was strongly increased among HPV16-seropositive patients compared to HPV16-seropositive controls. DR15 had an association with disease that was particularly strong among HPV16-seropositive subjects. The haplotype DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 (DQ6) was also weakly associated with disease in all patients and significantly increased among HPV16-positive patients when compared to HPV16-positive controls. A similar association was seen when analysis was restricted to CIN 2-3 patients. DQA1*0501-DQB1*0301 (DQ7) was more common among HPV16-negative patients than among HPV16-negative controls and was also more common among HPV16-negative patients than among HPV16-positive patients. In conclusion, DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 (DQ6) is associated with an increased risk of cervical neoplasia among HPV16-seropositive subjects and DQA1*0501-DQB1*0301 (DQ7) with an increased risk among HPV16-seronegative subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

A prospective study on the risk of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia among healthy subjects with serum antibodies to HPV compared with HPV DNA in cervical smears.

To estimate the risk of developing cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) among women exposed to human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16, we performed a prospective study in a population-based cohort of more than 15,000 women followed for 34.9 months. Seventy-four women developed CIN during follow-up and were matched for age, time of sampling and area of residence with 148 women who remained CIN-free during follow-up. The blood samples taken at enrollment were tested for serum antibodies to HPV types 16, 18 and 33 capsids. Cervical smears or biopsies were analyzed for the presence of HPV DNA by nested PCR using HPV general primers and by HPV 16- and 18-type-specific PCR HPV serology and HPV-PCR were in good agreement, particularly when the blood sample and the Pap smear were taken less than 6 months apart. HPV DNA was found in 88% of cases and 4% of controls, whereas HPV 16 DNA was present in 44% of cases and in 1 of 142 controls. HPV-16-seropositive women had a 3-fold increased risk of developing CIN. The risk was highest among women younger than 35 years of age, of whom an estimated 3.4% of HPV-16-seropositive and 0.5% of seronegative women developed CIN. Since the risk associated with HPV-16 seropositivity (a measure of past or present infection) was 35-fold lower than that of HPV DNA (present infection), most infections appear to be eliminated before CIN develops. In conclusion, HPV 16 infection does confer an excess risk of CIN development, and HPV DNA detection has a high predictive value for the presence of high-grade CIN.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Substrates available for colonic fermentation from oat, barley and wheat bread diets. A study in ileostomy subjects.

Nutrients not absorbed in the small bowel will form substrates for microbial growth in the colon which may have implication for the development of colon cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether fibre-rich oat and barley diets increase the excretion of energy-supplying nutrients from the small bowel compared with a low-fibre wheat diet, and whether a possible increase could be related to the beta-glucan content. Nine ileostomy subjects were served four types of bread together with a low-fibre basal diet (12 g dietary fibre/d). The breads were based on either wheat flour (W diet, 7 g dietary fibre/d), oat bran (OB diet, 29 g dietary fibre/d), the same amount of oat bran with addition of beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) (OBE diet, 19 g dietary fibre/d) or a fibre-rich barley fraction (B diet, 35 g dietary fibre/d). An increased ileal excretion of starch was observed with the barley diet but no effect of the oat beta-glucan on starch recovery was found. The NSP + Klason lignin in the ileostomy effluents accounted only for 24, 31, 24 and 35% of the gross energy excretion in the W, OB, OBE and B diet periods respectively. A large part of the dry weight and energy (30, 21, 28 and 27%, in the W, OB, OBE and B diets respectively) in the effluents could not be identified as fat, protein, total starch or NSP + Klason lignin. This unidentified part was probably made up of oligosaccharides, endogenous losses and nutrient complexes. Methods for identifying and analysing these components should be developed and their role as substrates for colonic fermentation and colon cancer development ought to be investigated.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

A comparison of iron absorption from single meals and daily diets using radioFe (55Fe, 59Fe).

The purpose of the present study was to compare two measures of Fe absorption, one from single meals and the other from daily diets. Ten ileostomy subjects were given the same low-fibre composite diet for all three meals each day for five consecutive days. After 3 weeks the experiment was repeated with a high-fibre diet. The morning meal constituted one-seventh of the total daily diet intake, the mid-day meal two-sevenths and the evening meal four-sevenths of the total daily diet intake. On days 4 and 5 of each diet period the morning meal was labelled with 55Fe and all three meals were labelled with 59Fe. The activities retained in the subjects 19 d later showed the Fe absorption from the low-fibre diet measured from the morning meals to be almost 80% greater than the average Fe absorption measured from all meals during the same 2 d. With the high-fibre diet the absorption from the morning meals was less than 50% greater than the average for all meals but the difference was not significant. We suggest that all meals of the day should be labelled with radioFe in order to avoid inflating the measures of Fe absorption.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Mixed-linked beta-glucan from breads of different cereals is partly degraded in the human ileostomy model.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the degradation of beta-glucan in the small intestine and the molecular weight of beta-glucan in the excreta of nine ileostomy subjects after consumption of different diets based on bread made with oat bran (oat bread), a fiber-rich barley fraction (barley bread), or wheat flour (wheat bread) as the main ingredients. Oat bread with enzymatically degraded beta-glucan was also used (oat + enzyme bread). The beta-glucan intake from the four diets was 12.5, 12.9, 1.1, and 4.0 g/d, respectively. On the basis of dry matter, the night effluents accounted for approximately 15% of the total amount of the excreta, with the highest proportion (22%) being for the wheat-bread diet. A notable loss of beta-glucan (0.7-2.4 g/d, or 13-64%) was found when intake was compared with excretion. In vitro, a higher viscosity development with time for dispersions of oat bread compared with barley bread was noted, which could be related to the higher molecular weight of the beta-glucan in this bread. There seemed to be a depolymerization of the beta-glucan both during bread making and transit through the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

p53 polymorphisms and haplotypes in breast cancer.

Three polymorphisms in the human tumor suppressor gene p53 (BstUI and MspI RFLPs in exon 4 and intron 6 respectively and a 16 bp duplication in intron 3) and their haplotype combinations were studied in patients with breast cancer and controls. A significant increase in the codon 72 BstUI A1 (pro) allele frequency (P = 0.016) and of individuals carrying the pro allele (pro/pro and pro/arg) (OR, 1.47; P = 0.01 4; 95 % CI, 1.08-2.00) was observed in breast cancer. This increase was most pronounced in highly differentiated breast cancer. Significant associations were found only in BstUI and haplotypes containing this polymorphism, which indicates that the codon 72 pro allele may be functionally involved in low malignancy breast cancer. The distributions of genotypic combinations in breast cancer patients and controls were significantly different (P = 0.005). Two BstUI-16 bp-MspI combinations were significantly overrepresented; 2-1, 1-1, 2-2 (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.13-2.30) and 1-1, 2-1, 2-1 (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.37-6.27).

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Intake of rye bread ileostomists increases ileal excretion of fiber polysaccharide components and organic acids but does not increase plasma or urine lignans and isoflavonoids.

The excretion of starch, enzyme-resistant starch, dietary fiber components and organic acids (short-chain fatty acids plus lactic acid) as well as plasma and urine lignans and isoflavonoids was studied in eight ileostomists consuming mixed diets with wheat bread (low fiber diet) or rye bread (high fiber diet) in a crossover design. Average ileal excretions of enzyme-available starch were 3.5 g/d during the low fiber period and 4.1 g/d during the high fiber period. The excretion of enzyme-resistant starch was approximately the same (2.3 g/d) in both periods. In comparison with intake, similar amounts of total fiber residues were excreted both by subjects receiving the low fiber diet (3.4 g/d) and by those receiving the high fiber diet (2.7 g/d). However, subjects excreted significantly more of certain polysaccharide residues (fucose, galactose, and uronic acids) than they ingested. On average, the excretion of organic acids was 18.6 mmol/d during the low fiber period and 30.2 mmol/d during the high fiber period. No significant differences in plasma lignans were observed between the high fiber and the low fiber dietary periods. The present findings indicate that enzyme-available starch is highly digested and that a microbial breakdown of dietary fibers and probably other carbohydrates occurs in the small intestine. However, the bacterial activity in the ileostomists was not sufficient to cause an increased level in plasma lignans even when subjects consumed the high fiber rye diet.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Antibodies against linear and conformational epitopes of human papillomavirus type 16 that independently associate with incident cervical cancer.

In a seroepidemiological study of incident cervical cancer, 94 cases and 188 population-based controls were used to evaluate the disease-association of IgG and IgA antibody responses against 6 human papillomavirus (HPV) type-16 antigens. Nine of the tested antibody responses were positively associated with cervical cancer, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 2.5 to 15.0. The antibody responses most strongly associated with cervical cancer were IgA against E6:10, an epitope derived from the carboxyterminal part of the HPV16 E6 [OR = 15.0, confidence intervals (CI) = 5.9-48.6], IgG against HPV16 virus-like particles (OR = 9.5, CI = 3.9-28.0) and IgG against the E1:19 epitope in the middle part of the E1 protein of HPV16 (OR = 7.7, C1 = 3.9-16.5). When the 3 serological assays that showed the strongest association with cervical cancer were combined, positivity for 2 assays was found among 52% of cases at an OR of 29.9. We conclude that antibody responses to several linear and conformational HPV epitopes are independently associated with cervical cancer and that combined analysis of several HPV antibody responses can result in better predictive values for HPV-associated cancer.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Serum antibody responses against human papillomavirus in relation to tumor characteristics, response to treatment, and survival in carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

To investigate whether the serum antibody responses to human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical carcinoma were related to the clinical and histopathological features of the tumors and how the antibody responses were affected by treatment, pretreatment serum samples from 66 patients with carcinoma of the cervix were studied for the presence of IgA or IgG responses against six defined HPV epitopes. Posttreatment serum samples were drawn from the same patients 2-24 months after initiation of treatment. There was no significant correlation between pretreatment level of any of the investigated antibodies and clinical stage or differentiation of tumor. For the IgA responses to the epitopes 245:16 and 245:18 in the E2 protein there was a significant correlation between an increased pretreatment antibody level and a shortened survival. A high pretreatment value of IgA against 245:16 was also associated with the absence of any complete response after therapy. The antibody levels declined dramatically after therapy for most of the antigens studied. However, this decline was seen both among the 53 patients with complete remission and among the 13 patients with remaining or progressive disease. Thus, the investigated serological responses were not useful as tumor markers, since patients with progressive, late-stage disease may fail to mount an antibody response to these proteins. However, pretreatment levels of the serological responses to the HPV epitopes 245:16 and 245:18 were associated with prognosis in cervical cancer.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Changes in blood manganese levels during pregnancy in iron supplemented and non supplemented women.

Blood manganese levels and iron status indices were determined each trimester in 66 healthy pregnant women. Twenty-five were randomly assigned to iron supplementation, 19 to placebo and 22 received dietary advise aimed at increasing their dietary intake of fibre. Iron supplemented women had significantly higher levels of blood haemoglobin compared to the levels of the two other groups, and higher serum ferritin levels compared to the placebo group. No significant difference in blood manganese levels was observed among the three groups of women. There was a significant increase in blood manganese levels from one trimester to the next, which was slightly more pronounced in non supplemented women. The median values in the three trimesters were 154 (range 79-360) nmol/L, 190 (range 98-408) nmol/L, and 230 (range 133-481) nmol/L, respectively. Pregnancy seems to change manganese status or otherwise influence manganese metabolism irrespective of iron status and iron supplementation.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Effect of milk and fermented milk on iron absorption in ileostomy subjects.

This study was undertaken to determine whether milk with its high calcium content adversely affects the absorption of nonheme iron from the diet as greatly as single-meal studies indicate. Nine ileostomy subjects ate a low-fiber, low-phytate diet for 8 consecutive weeks. During the first and eight weeks they drank a 250-mL soft drink with three main meals and an evening snack each day (0.16 g Ca/d). During the two intervening 3-wk periods, they drank the same amount of low-fat milk or fermented low-fat milk (Verum; Hälsofil, Norrmejerier, Umeä, Sweden) according to a formally randomized crossover design (1.4 g Ca/d). During the last 2 d in each of the four periods, apparent iron absorption (balance) from a test diet together with that period's beverage was measured and the plasma ferritin concentration was determined. There was no decrease in apparent iron absorption during the milk diet periods.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Oat beta-glucan increases bile acid excretion and a fiber-rich barley fraction increases cholesterol excretion in ileostomy subjects.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether oat beta-glucan is responsible for the increased bile acid excretion previously observed with oat-fiber diets. The excretion patterns in ileostomy subjects given diets containing oat-bran bread with and without added beta-glucanase, a beta-glucan-degrading enzyme, were compared. The effect of a beta-glucan-rich barley fraction on sterol excretion was also investigated. Nine ileostomy subjects were served four diets in random order, each diet for 2 consecutive days. Four different kinds of bread, mainly made from oat bran (OB diet, 12.5 g beta-glucan/d), oat bran with beta-glucanase (OBE diet, 3.8 g beta-glucan/d), barley (B diet, 13.0 g beta-glucan/d), or wheat flour (W diet, 1.2 g beta-glucan/d) were added to a basal diet. The 24-h excretion of bile acids was 53% higher in the OB diet period than in the OBE diet period (P < 0.05) and also was significantly higher than in the B and W diet periods (P < 0.05). Median (range) bile acid excretion was 851 (232-1550), 463 (123-1414), 755 (133-1187), and 606 (101-980) mg/d in the OB, OBE, B, and W diet periods, respectively. The excretion of cholesterol was significantly higher in the B diet period than in the OBE and W diet periods (P < 0.05), but the mechanism behind this effect of barley fiber is unknown. In oat bran, however, beta-glucan mediates an increase in bile acid excretion, which most probably explains the effect of oat fiber in lowering serum lipids.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Starch and dietary fiber components are excreted and degraded to variable extents in ileostomy subjects consuming mixed diets with wheat- or oat-bran bread.

The study was conducted to determine if the excretion of starch and dietary fiber components varies in ileostomy subjects consuming diets high or low in dietary fiber. Excretion of starch, enzyme-resistant starch and dietary fiber components was studied in nine human subjects with ileostomies, who consumed (in a crossover design) a wheat bread-based diet (daily intake 274 g starch, 2.4 g enzyme-resistant starch and 14.4 g total dietary fiber) and a high fiber diet based on oat-bran bread (daily intake 243 g starch, 2.7 g enzyme-resistant starch and 40.2 g total dietary fiber). Food and excreta were collected on d 3 and 17. No significant differences in excretion of starch, enzyme-resistant starch or dietary fiber components were found on these 2 d in each dietary period. When subjects consumed the wheat bread-based diet they excreted (mean +/- SD) 3.3 +/- 1.7 g starch and 2.4 +/- 0.4 g enzyme-resistant starch daily, whereas when consuming the oat bran-based diet they excreted 4.5 +/- 3.1 g starch and 2.5 +/- 0.4 g enzyme-resistant starch. During both dietary periods subjects excreted significantly greater amounts of certain dietary fiber polysaccharide residues (fucose, galactose and uronic acid) than they ingested. This indicates a contribution of endogenous and/or microbial material to the dietary fiber value in ileostomy effluents. However, significantly less excretion of some dietary fiber polysaccharide residues, especially glucose residues, during the oat-bran bread-based dietary period was also noted. This was presumably caused by a degradation of mixed-linked (1,3),(1,4)-beta-D-glucans.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Relationship between dental caries and risk factors for atherosclerosis in Swedish adolescents?

In an earlier study on a selected group of adolescents with high caries prevalence we found dietary habits that resembled those considered to promote the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study we have compared DMF-score with factors traditionally associated with the risk for development cardiovascular diseases (CVD). All 15-yr-olds living in an urban community in Northern Sweden 1987-1989 were included. Medical variables related to the risk of developing CVD were evaluated in groups of adolescents with various levels of manifest caries expressed as decayed and filled surfaces (DFS). The proportion of individuals with no medical risk factor at an unfavorable level was significantly higher in a caries free than in a high-caries (DFS > or = 9) group. Adolescents with two or more medical factors reaching unfavorable levels had a significantly higher caries score than the group with no factor at unfavorable level. A significant positive correlation was found for the whole group between DFS-score and relative body weight (body mass index) in an univariate correlation test as well as multiple linear regression analysis. The hypothesis that high caries score can be an indicator for unfavorable levels of traditional risk factors for CVD is not contradicted by the results in the present study but supported by the observed covariation with BMI. We therefore suggest that dietary counseling to adolescents with a high caries score in combination with a moderate obesity can be of advantage in reducing the caries risk as well as the risk for development of CVD at higher ages.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

The effect of zinc on bacterial phagocytosis, killing and cytoprotection in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

An in vitro study examining the effects of zinc treatment on human PMN cell phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and the cytoprotection of zinc against staphylococcal toxins. Phagocytosis was studied by transmission electron microscopy using different microbiological techniques, one of which was designed to follow the kinetics of bacterial killing. No effect was found on phagocytosis and bacterial killing. The cytotoxic effects of a crude toxin and an alpha-toxin extracted from Staphylococcus aureus preparations were studied on human PMN cells using the standard 51Cr release assay. Both toxins induced a dose-dependent leakage of 51Cr, indicating cell membrane damage. These results were confirmed by electron microscopy during the phagocytosis of S. aureus, where severe PMN cellular degeneration was observed. The addition of zinc to PMN cells strongly inhibited the release of 51Cr. In conclusion, our results show that zinc in higher than physiological concentrations does not inhibit PMN cell functions such as phagocytosis and intracellular killing of S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The addition of zinc may be beneficial in certain clinical situations, such as wound healing, zinc deficiency and infections involving toxin-producing bacteria, e.g. S. aureus.

Bacterial Toxins↗

PubMed1995

Excretion of amino acid residues from diets based on low-fibre wheat or high-fibre rye bread in human subjects with ileostomies.

OBJECTIVES: The effect of consumption of a wheat-flour bread-based low-fibre diet (13.6 g/day fibre per portion) or a rye bran bread and whole-grain rye crispbread-based high-fibre diet (43.5 g/day fibre per portion) on the ileal excretion of amino acid residues and crude protein was studied. DESIGN: The study was performed as a cross-over design. SETTING: The subjects were studied as outpatients except on the sampling days when all subjects were admitted to the research ward and stayed in a nearby patient hotel overnight. SUBJECTS: Six men and two women, all proctocolectomised for ulcerative colitis, volunteered to participate in the study. INTERVENTIONS: During each dietary period of 3 weeks, food and excreta were collected and analysed on days 3, 17 and 18. RESULTS: The excretion of crude protein and amino acids (free and bound) was generally higher during the high-fibre diet period, although the relative proportion of amino acids was similar in the ileal effluents from the two diets. The apparent digestibilities of crude protein and all amino acids except histidine, tyrosine and proline were significantly (P < 0.05) lower during the high-fibre diet period. CONCLUSION: It was indicated that the effect of the high-fibre rye-based diet was a generally impaired ileal amino acid absorption.

Aged↗