Biomedical subjects

G Heiss

Publications and source records attributed to G Heiss.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed1987

Postnatal development of hepatic uricase and peroxisomes in baby pigs.

1. The activity of uricase, the densities of peroxisomes and cores in liver samples of baby pigs up to 4 weeks of age were investigated. 2. From 1 to 4 weeks of age, uricase activity as well as counts of cores and peroxisomes increased 5.5-, 3.3- and 2-fold. 3. Uricase activity and counts of cores and peroxisomes were correlated (P less than 0.001) with age in linear relationships. 4. Calculated for time of birth uricase activity was very low and ratio of cores to peroxisomes was 1:7. 5. From 0 to 28 days of age the calculated increases of uricase activity and counts of cores and peroxisomes were 178-, 10- and 3-fold.

Aging↗

PubMed1987

Parent-offspring aggregation of plasma lipids in selected populations in North America and Israel. The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study.

Parent-offspring associations of total cholesterol and triglycerides were compared between family dyads in six North American populations examined between 1972 and 1976 as part of the North American Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study and those from families examined between 1976 and 1979 at the Lipid Research Clinic located in Jerusalem. Common study design, protocol, and laboratory techniques were used by all Lipid Research Clinics. The authors first examined homogeneity of familial correlations across clinics in the North American population and across origin groups in the Israeli sample. In general, correlations were homogeneous across clinics and origin groups, except for parent-daughter pairs for triglycerides in North America. The pooled familial correlations were similar in the two study populations. There was no asymmetry in parent-offspring correlations by the sex of the offspring. The pooled mother-child correlations were significantly higher than father-child values in the North American sample only. The strength of parent-offspring similarity showed no consistent pattern of change with level of education of parents in either study group. Patterns of familial similarity are discussed in relation to genetic, cultural, and environmental differences between the two study populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Contrasting diet and body mass among users and nonusers of oral contraceptives and exogenous estrogens: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

Mean dietary constituent levels using the 24-hour recall method and body mass measures were examined among oral contraceptive and exogenous estrogen users and nonusers in the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Among women aged 20-44 years, oral contraceptive users had a significantly lower mean Quetelet index of body mass and triceps skinfold thickness and a significantly higher total caloric intake. Among women aged 45-69 years, those taking exogenous estrogens had a significantly lower mean Quetelet index. No significant differences between hormone users and nonusers were seen for per cent of calories from fat (saturated or unsaturated), protein, carbohydrates, starch, sucrose, or alcohol. The higher total caloric intake in oral contraceptive users in contrast to nonusers and the lower body mass in both groups of gonadal hormone users may in part be indicative of other differences in life-style and behavior between the study groups. Further documentation of specific eating patterns, nutrient intake, and energy metabolism in women consuming gonadal hormones and in suitable control subjects seems to be indicated.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Lipoproteins as mediators for the effects of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on cardiovascular mortality: results form the Lipid Research Clinics Follow-up Study.

Because alcohol consumption is associated with increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and cigarette smoking is associated with lower HDL cholesterol and higher LDL cholesterol, there has been speculation that the protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption and/or the noxious effect of cigarette smoking for cardiovascular disease might be mediated in large part by a lipoprotein mechanism. The authors examined this question in a prospective study of 7,461 men and women in 10 North American populations initially seen in 1972-1976 and followed for an average of 8.5 years. Moderate alcohol consumption was weakly protective for cardiovascular disease, while cigarette smoking was strongly and significantly associated with cardiovascular disease mortality. As expected, LDL cholesterol was positively related and HDL cholesterol was inversely related to cardiovascular disease mortality. However, multivariable analysis of cardiovascular disease mortality alternately excluding and including HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol as covariates indicated that the effect of alcohol consumption on cardiovascular disease mortality was independent of an LDL cholesterol pathway and only partially mediated by an HDL cholesterol pathway, while the effect of cigarette smoking was independent of both the HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol pathways, suggesting alternative biologic mechanisms of action for both alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Prevalence and clinical correlates of beta-migrating very-low-density lipoprotein. Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

The prevalence and clinical associations of beta-migrating very-low-density lipoprotein (beta-very-low-density lipoprotein), an atherogenic lipoprotein associated with type III hyperlipidemia, were compared in men and women using and not using estrogen-containing hormones. Beta-very-low-density lipoprotein was more common in men, 0.54 percent or one in 185, than in women not taking hormones, 0.30 percent or one in 333, and was least common in women taking hormones, 0.04 percent or one in 2,500. Beta-very-low-density lipoprotein-positive men and women were heavier and had higher triglyceride, cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with beta-very-low-density lipoprotein-negative subjects, but 30 percent of the men and 21 percent of the nonuser women did not have elevated triglyceride or cholesterol levels. The very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/total triglyceride ratio exceeded 0.30 in 55 percent and 54 percent of beta-very-low-density lipoprotein-positive men and women compared with 3.3 percent and 3.9 percent of beta-very-low-density lipoprotein-negative men and women. Ninety-three percent of the beta-very-low-density lipoprotein-positive subjects had some lipoprotein lipid abnormality and 60 percent had an abnormal glucose, liver, or renal function test result or high alcohol or dietary cholesterol intake. In conclusion, beta-migrating very-low-density lipoprotein is more common in men than in women, consistent with a protective effect of estrogen. About half of the time, beta-very-low-density lipoprotein is associated with an elevated very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/total triglyceride ratio, indicating that beta-very-low-density lipoprotein can be present independent of other markers of type III hyperlipidemia. Nonetheless, beta-very-low-density lipoprotein signifies abnormal lipoprotein metabolism of some kind in almost every instance, is frequently associated with treatable medical conditions, and may on pathophysiologic grounds be considered important in its own right in predicting atherosclerosis risk. Beta-very-low-density lipoprotein-associated conditions should attract medical attention.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Comparison of plasma lipids, lipoproteins and dyslipoproteinemia in Israel and the United States. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

Based on the common study design, protocol, and laboratory techniques used by the Lipid Research Clinics (LRCs), the study reported here compared the adult study populations examined by the U.S. LRCs and the LRC located in Jerusalem, Israel. A number of 2388 residents of Jerusalem were contrasted with 6528 examinees of the U.S. LRCs regarding their plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol distributions. Marked differences between the U.S. and Jerusalem LRCs were observed in the plasma levels of lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions. Mean total cholesterol concentrations were 2-8% higher in the U.S. compared to the Jerusalem sample. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher by approximately 5-15% in the U.S. LRCs, a phenomenon more marked in men than women and in older compared to younger study participants. High density lipoprotein cholesterol values were also higher in the U.S. compared to the Jerusalem LRC, by approximately 10-14% in men and women. These differences were also more pronounced in older compared to younger participants. By contrast, median plasma total triglycerides (and by implication very low density lipoprotein cholesterol) were higher in the Jerusalem compared to the U.S. study participants. This difference ranged from 10-21% by age and sex. The correlations between the plasma lipid/lipoprotein measurements were similar in the two study populations. Only the degree of linear association between plasma total triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol was different between the U.S. and Jerusalem, with a correlation coefficient of greater magnitude in the latter. Employing common cutpoints to define dyslipoproteinemia (DLP) observed differences in plasma lipid/lipoprotein distributions determined differences in the frequency of DLP categories between the U.S. and the Jerusalem samples. Higher proportions of Type IV and hypo-HDL were observed in Jerusalem compared to the U.S. By contrast, fewer individuals were classified as Type IIa, Type IIb, and hyper-HDL in Jerusalem relative to the U.S.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Comparison of nutrient intakes of selected populations in the United States and Israel: the Lipid Research Clinics prevalence study.

Nutrient intakes of 2,772 US and 2,680 Jerusalem participants of the Lipid Research Clinics Program were assessed by 24-h dietary recall in men aged 15-19 and 40-59 yr and women aged 15-19 and 35-59 yr. Energy intake was higher in the US than in Jerusalem. In Jerusalem intake of total fat ranged between 32.2-33.7% of kcal, of saturated fatty acids (SFA) between 9.8-10.9%, of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFA) between 7.9-8.6%, of carbohydrates between 50.5-53.9%, and of starch between 24.0-30.5%. The P:S ratio ranged between 0.80 and 1.01. The corresponding ranges for the US were 38.8-40.8% for fat, 14.3-15.9% for SFA, 5.9-6.8% for PFA, 38.9-46.2% for carbohydrates, 17.0-17.9% for starch, and 0.40-0.53 for the P:S ratio. Intake of cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal) was higher in Jerusalem than in the US. These data address the feasibility of reducing fat in diets of free-living, Western populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Resting and exercise electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with sex hormone use in women. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

Prevalence rates for resting and exercise electrocardiographic abnormalities were determined according to the use or nonuse of oral contraceptives and exogenous estrogens in 1,919 women participants from 10 defined North American study populations of the Lipid Research Clinics Program. Among women 30-49 years of age, no significant differences in the prevalence of resting electrocardiographic abnormalities between oral contraceptive users and nonusers were seen after adjustment for age, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, alcohol, and obesity. Abnormal graded exercise electrocardiograms, however, were more prevalent among the oral contraceptive users (odds ratio = 2.7, p less than 0.05). Among women 50 years and older, a significant deficit of abnormal Q waves on resting electrocardiogram and nonsignificant excess of abnormal S-T segment responses to exercise were noted in estrogen users compared with nonusers. Possible sources of bias and the pathophysiologic implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Cardiovascular disease risk factors and mortality among black women and white women aged 40-64 years in Evans County, Georgia.

There have been few prospective studies of the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in women, especially black women. The authors report the 20-year mortality experience of 391 black and 549 white women aged 40-64 years recruited in 1960-1961 into the Evans County Cardiovascular Study. The vital status of 98.9% of the white women and 96.2% of the black women had been determined as of May 1, 1980. Using Cox' proportional hazards model, the authors estimated that black women had a 70% excess risk of cardiovascular disease mortality compared with white women, unadjusted for any risk factors. At entry, black women had higher systolic blood pressure, higher Quetelet index, lower serum cholesterol, lower social status, and similar age distribution and prevalence of cigarette smoking compared with white women. Cardiovascular disease mortality was significantly associated with systolic pressure in all women, serum cholesterol in white women, and Quetelet index in low social status white women. Adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors and social status explained most of the difference in cardiovascular disease mortality between blacks and whites.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effect of estrogen/progestin potency on clinical chemistry measures. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

The effects of oral contraceptives of varied estrogen/progestin composition on clinical measurements of hepatic, thyroid, and renal function and carbohydrate metabolism were examined in 1,355 women in the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. In general, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels are lower with both oral contraceptives and postmenopausal estrogen use, suggesting an estrogen effect. The least bilirubin reduction is seen with a progestin dominant oral contraceptive. A significant decrement in aspartate aminotransferase is observed in users of one high estrogen dose oral contraceptive and in postmenopausal Premarin users, while aspartate aminotransferase is higher in postmenopausal users of higher dose ethinyl estradiol. Globulins are slightly higher in all hormone use categories, suggesting an estrogen effect on hepatic secretion of this protein class into the circulation. Fasting glucose concentrations are generally slightly lower even in the progestin dominant oral contraceptives, where glucose intolerance has been described. Thyroxine concentrations are generally elevated in all women using oral contraceptives. A relationship to estrogen dose is seen in women with thyroxine concentrations greater than the 99th percentile and in postmenopausal estrogen users. Creatinine concentration is greater with the use of Ovral, a progestin dominant oral contraceptive, and lower with two estrogen dominant oral contraceptives and Premarin, suggesting a competitive effect of estrogen and progestin. Among the clinical laboratory tests considered here, oral contraceptive effects seem to be largely estrogen mediated with a suggestion of competitive effect of estrogen versus progestin only on bilirubin and creatinine levels. These observations differ from lipoproteins where opposing hormonal effects are more clearly reflected in changing lipoprotein concentrations.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Geographic variation in the onset of decline of ischemic heart disease mortality in the United States.

This report examines geographic variation in the onset of the decline of ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in white males aged 35-74 during the period 1968-78. Using a quadratic regression model, State Economic Areas (SEAs) were classified as experiencing onset of the decline in 1968 or earlier, 1969-72, or 1973 or later. In the United States as a whole, approximately one-third of SEAs experienced a late onset of the decline (after 1968). Metropolitan SEAs were in advance of non-metropolitan, and the Northeast and Pacific states showed earlier onset than the South and midsections of the country. The acceleration of the national decline after 1972 appears to be due to declines in areas in which rates had been increasing or in plateau until that time. Evidence about geographic variation in the onset of decline may provide clues about social and environmental factors responsible for the decline.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

A screening survey of dyslipoproteinemias associated with prescription drug use. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

In 10 North American study populations, we surveyed alterations in blood cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels associated with the use of 20 categories of prescription medications. In addition, odds ratios for use of these medication categories were determined for five of the more common dyslipoproteinemias found in these populations. Increased lipid levels were found in association with use of several categories of cardiovascular drugs as well as allopurinol and warfarin. Decreased lipid levels were found in association with anti-infective agents and thyroid hormone. Few significant lipid level alterations were found with the use of antihistamines, barbiturates, analgesics, and the phenothiazines. The associations described here must be interpreted cautiously because of limitations in the study design, particularly the confounding effects of the conditions under drug treatment. However, several drug-lipid effects are suggested that may alter lipid levels and that require experimental confirmation. These findings have implications for both clinical management of individuals with dyslipoproteinemias and in the determinants and modification of population lipid levels.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

The association of dyslipoproteinemia with symptoms and signs of peripheral arterial disease. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

Intermittent claudication, leg pain during a graded exercise test (GXT), and resting systolic pressures in the upper and lower extremities were recorded as indicators of peripheral arterial disease at visit 2 of the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Prevalence Study. Systolic pressures of the upper and lower extremities were measured in a subsample of participants. We compared lipid levels of persons with and without claudication and with or without GXT-induced leg pain. We also compared lipid levels between groups with high and low arm:ankle systolic blood pressure ratios. Twenty-one (1.0%) men, 10 (1.0%) female nonusers and six (1.0%) female users of gonadal hormones had intermittent claudication determined by standardized questionnaire. Men with claudication had lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (35.6 vs 46.4 mg/dl), and their mean triglyceride level and cigarette consumption were higher and regular exercise less frequent. Men with type IIb dyslipoproteinemia were more likely to report claudication. One hundred sixty-nine (4.0%) men, 101 (3.8%) female nonusers, and 47 (4.1%) female users of hormones stopped the GXT because of leg pain. Mean HDL-cholesterol levels were lower for those with GXT-induced leg pain in all three sex-hormone usage groups (42.0 vs 46.9, p less than .001; 53.9 vs 59.4, p less than .001; 65.3 vs 67.2, p = NS) and mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in those with leg pain on GXT in two of three groups (146.4 vs 146.2, p = NS; 155.7 vs 144.6, p less than .01; 144.4 vs 133.5, p less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Patterns of dyslipoproteinemia in selected North American populations. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

This article describes the assignment of dyslipoproteinemia (DLP) in several free-living North American populations and presents mean lipid and lipoprotein levels for each type. Dyslipoproteinemic phenotypes were assigned by a modified version of the National Institutes of Health (Fredrickson) phenotyping system. Criteria for assigning phenotypes included age- and sex-specific 5th and 95th percentiles for low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total triglyceride, as well as other qualitative and quantitative criteria. Phenotypes IIb, III, I, and V were uncommon, confirming clinical impressions of their frequency. Lipid and lipoprotein levels in specific phenotypes were generally as expected. In the type III phenotype, however, mean cholesterol and triglyceride levels were surprisingly low. Gonadal hormone use, in the form of both oral contraceptives and postmenopausal estrogens, was reported in approximately 30% of women in these populations and was associated with dramatic differences in the frequency of DLP when compared with women not taking hormones. In general, these differences reflected the previously described effects of estrogen and progestins on lipoprotein levels. These data gathered in free-living populations: confirm clinical impressions of the rarity of some phenotypes, focus attention on those phenotypes in which diminished rather than elevated lipoproteins are found, and provide further evidence of the effect of hormones on lipid and lipoprotein levels.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Frequency and clustering of nonlipid coronary risk factors in dyslipoproteinemia. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

In a defined population of 4349 men and 3398 women, we evaluated the frequency and clustering of five nonlipid coronary heart disease risk factors--obesity, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption--in nine categorical lipoprotein phenotypes--normal, types I or V, IIA, IIB, III, IV, hypoHDL (high-density lipoprotein), hypoLDL (low-density lipoprotein), and hyperHDL. This analysis indicated that compared with the normal phenotype, nonlipid coronary risk factors tend to be more frequent and thus cluster in individuals with "high risk" phenotypes, and occur somewhat less frequently in those with "low risk" phenotypes. Thus, identification of a high-risk phenotype suggests the presence of nonlipid risk factors as well, and the clinician should be alert to this possibility. A multivariable analysis of the independent associations of each of the risk factors with the lipid and lipoprotein components that define the phenotypes suggested that several behavioral risk factors may directly affect lipid and lipoprotein levels. This observation raises the possibility that certain intervention strategies, such as weight loss, smoking cessation, and regular exercise, may favorably influence dyslipoproteinemia.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Progeny's lipid and lipoprotein levels by parental mortality. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

Using data from Lipid Research Clinics study participants at visit 2 (3972 and 2346 adult men and women), we examined the hypothesis that parental mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) or cancer before age 60 predicts their adult progeny's lipid and lipoprotein levels. Weighted regression analysis was used to control for the potential effect of progeny's other CVD risk factors (age, systolic blood pressure, Quetelet index, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption), and to assess for the effect of progeny's parental cause-specific mortality status on progeny's lipids and lipoproteins. Nearly all of the statistically significant parent-progeny predictions were for sons. Paternal death from CVD before age 60 years was associated with significantly higher plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in sons and (at marginal significance) in daughters, when compared with those in reference progeny with paternal survival over age 60 or over age 75. Maternal death from CVD before 60 was associated with lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in sons. Paternal and maternal death from cancer before age 60 years were associated with higher triglyceride levels in adult sons than in sons whose parents had lived beyond ages 60 and 75. Paternal all-cause mortality before age 60 was associated with higher cholesterol and triglycerides in sons; maternal all-cause mortality before age 60 was associated with depression of HDL-C in sons. Familial aggregation of lipids and lipoproteins may account, in part, for familial aggregation of CVD. Knowledge of family history facilitates identification of progeny at higher risk for CVD by virtue of elevated cholesterol or LDL-C, or reduced HDL-C.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Alterations in clinical chemistry levels associated with the dyslipoproteinemias. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

Mean blood levels of eight components of clinical chemistry and the proportion of participants with abnormal chemistry values were calculated for persons with six dyslipoproteinemias (DLPs) and compared with findings from normolipidemic participants in 10 defined North American Lipid Research Clinics Program study populations. Most of the significant differences in mean chemistry levels were in persons with type IIB and IV DLP, and were characterized by higher mean levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, glucose, SGOT, and uric acid, and by lower mean levels of total bilirubin and thyroxine. Similarly, persons with type IIB and IV DLP were more likely to have significantly increased percentages of abnormal clinical chemistry values than were normolipidemics, but for a given chemistry this was rarely over 10% to 15% higher. With the exception of some participants with types IIB and IV DLP, the DLPs detected in these study populations were not associated with a substantial prevalence of abnormal clinical chemistry values and, by inference, were not frequently associated with the diseases or metabolic abnormalities for which these chemical abnormalities are indicators.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Dyslipoproteinemias and manifestations of coronary heart disease. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study population underwent a noninvasive evaluation to assess the odds of coronary heart disease (CHD) among individuals with various types of dyslipoproteinemia (DLP) relative to the odds for individuals free of DLP in a nonselected population. The noninvasive evaluation included the Rose questionnaire for angina, a resting electrocardiogram, and a graded treadmill exercise test. The presence of manifestations of CHD was assessed by a combination of these findings. Multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between CHD and DLP, with adjustments for the following covariates: age, body mass, systolic blood pressure, alcohol consumption, and cigarette use. There were no consistent associations in women or in men 30 to 49 years old. In men 50 to 69 years old, the mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) values and HDL-C/cholesterol ratio were significantly lower in the definite CHD and angina categories, compared with the negative (no evidence of CHD) group. Higher odds ratios for CHD were present in those classified as having type IIa, type IV, and hypoHDL DLPs, relative to those classified as normal by the phenotyping algorithm. These associations were consistent across the several categories of CHD manifestations, but did not reach statistical significance after adjustment for multiple testing. A statistically significant lower odds ratio for CHD was observed in men 50 to 69 classified as having hyperHDL when compared with those without DLPs. The associations between CHD and the various forms of DLP were consistent with those observed between CHD and the plasma lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study confirmed the relationship between elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased HDL-C, and noninvasively determined CHD in a free-living asymptomatic population of older men.

Adult↗