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Biomedical subjects

G Holloway

Publications and source records attributed to G Holloway.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Lethal and sublethal effects of a neem-based insecticide on balsam fir sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae).

Lethal and sublethal effects of Neemix 4.5 EC, a commercial neem preparation, on balsam fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harris), were determined in the laboratory. Larval mortality of N. abietis increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and lethal time decreased with increasing Neemix 4.5 EC concentration. Fifty percent of the larvae died after 4.6 d at a concentration of 90 ppm azadirachtin (AZA) and 12.3 d at a concentration of 0.08 ppm. Neemix 4.5 EC showed some deterrent effects to feeding site selection on N. abietis larvae at high concentrations, but not at low concentrations. Strong reduction of food intake by N. abietis larvae after exposure to Neemix 4.5 EC was demonstrated by significant reduction of frass production. Larvae fed on Neemix 4.5 EC-treated foliage at 90 ppm AZA produced only 16% as much frass as that produced by larvae fed on control foliage (0 ppm). Neemix 4.5 EC at a concentration of 0.08 ppm AZA retarded larval and pupal development. Sublethal doses significantly reduced pupal weight and adult emergence, although the sex ratio of N. abietis adults was not affected. Results indicate that sublethal effects of Neemix 4.5 EC on N. abietis may contribute greatly to the overall field efficacy.

Abies↗
PubMed2002

Interaction with simian Hck tyrosine kinase reveals convergent evolution of the Nef protein from simian and human immunodeficiency viruses despite differential molecular surface usage.

Simian and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (SIV and HIV-1) Nef proteins are thought to use different molecular surfaces to mediate the protein-protein interactions required for their otherwise similar functions. This genetically separable function suggests convergent evolution of primate lentiviruses and/or structural differences between human and nonhuman primate cellular target proteins. However, such comparative molecular analyses have not been undertaken so far using the respective natural host-derived cellular targets. We cloned simian Src family kinase Hck and analyzed structurally and biochemically its interaction with SIV Nef.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Multiple changes in gene expression in chronic human Achilles tendinopathy.

Atlas cDNA cell interaction arrays (CLONTECH) were used to examine degenerate tissue from four patients with Achilles tendon disorders, in order to identify changes in expression of genes important in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The greatest difference between normal (post-mortem) and degenerate tissue samples was in the level of MMP-3 (stromelysin) mRNA, which was down-regulated in all the degenerate samples. Quantitative RT-PCR assay of RNA extracted from paired 'normal' and degenerate Achilles tendon tissue samples taken from tendons during surgery mirrored the results of the arrays. Levels of MMP-3 mRNA were lower, whereas levels of type-I and type-III collagen mRNAs were significantly higher, in the degenerate compared to the 'normal' samples. Immunoblotting of proteins extracted from the same tendon samples showed that three of four normal tissue samples taken from individuals without apparent tendon disorder had much higher levels of MMP-3 protein than 'normal' or degenerate samples from patients with tendinosis. We suggest that MMP-3 may play an important role in the regulation of tendon extracellular matrix degradation and tissue remodelling.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1999

The creation of a database for cancer screening: is the consent of clients required?

Professional caregivers have an obligation to maintain the privacy and confidentiality of all personal information given to them by their patients or clients. Such information is to be released to a party who is not participating in the care of the patient only with the express consent of the patient. The question is whether or not the express consent of a client of an organized cancer screening program is ethically required before the client's personal information is entered into a centralized database. The arguments in favour of express consent are grounded largely in a desire to respect clients' privacy and autonomy fully. The arguments for the reliance on nonexpress, implied or tacit consent are based chiefly on the desire to provide clients with the full benefits of screening. It is suggested here that neither extreme position is satisfactory. A novel, balanced approach that would be sensitive to both electronic data storage and a preventive care situation is needed. Progress on this issue requires focused empirical research, a debate in both professional and public forums, and further critical analysis.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1998

Suppression of relaxin gene expression by retinoids in squamous differentiated rabbit tracheal epithelial cells.

Northern blot analysis of total RNA from a variety of rabbit tissues indicated that placenta is the primary site of expression of the protein hormone relaxin (previously called SQ10) in rabbits. Relaxin was not detected by this method in other rabbit tissues, including normal trachea and several squamous tissues. However, relaxin is highly induced during squamous cell differentiation in cultured rabbit tracheal epithelial (RbTE) cells. Retinoic acid and retinoids that selectively bind to the nuclear retinoid receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs), and induce RARE- or RXRE-dependent transactivation as well as repression of AP-1-dependent transactivation, were all effective in suppressing relaxin expression. In addition, the retinoid SR11302, which exhibits only anti-AP-1 activity but does not induce RARE- or RXRE-dependent transactivation, was also able to inhibit relaxin expression. These results suggest that the suppression of relaxin expression is related to the anti-AP-1 activity of retinoids. To determine whether the relaxin gene is regulated by retinoids at the level of transcription, a 4.3 kb fragment of the 5' flanking region of the rabbit relaxin gene was cloned and analyzed. This regulatory region included a classic TATA-box as well as consensus sequences for several transcription factors, including CREB, NF-kappaB and AP-1. The ability of the 4.3 kb regulatory region to control the transcription of a luciferase reporter gene was analyzed in transiently transfected, squamous-differentiated RbTE cells. The results demonstrated that this regulatory region caused strong transactivation of the reporter gene. This transactivation was inhibited by retinoic acid, suggesting retinoid control at the transcriptional level. Deletion analysis indicated that multiple regulatory elements are involved in the regulation of relaxin gene expression during squamous differentiation as well as in the suppression by retinoids.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Area-wide diabetes care: the Manchester experience with primary health care teams 1991-1997.

Diabetes 2000 has evolved over 6 years from a practice-based audit to a cross-sector, multidisciplinary, multi-agency project. Its prime aim is to improve the care of people with diabetes in Manchester. There are 93 out of 111 practices and all four Trusts now involved. The prevalence of diabetes known to the project is 1.46% (among 418,000 people). Eighteen practices have never participated at any level. There are 6088 people on the now outdated DOS database, another 2000-5000 people are thought to be missing. The audit has shown limited improvements in care over the years. Despite only modest quantitative success there is now in place a mechanism for implementing Department of Health recommendations for a good diabetes service, namely, a city-wide register, management and referral guidelines across primary and secondary care, the start of an integrated care programme and, above all, goodwill on behalf of all participating providers.

Diabetes Complications↗
PubMed1998

Anomalies in Nef expression within the central nervous system of HIV-1 positive individuals/AIDS patients with or without AIDS dementia complex.

In determining levels of expression of HIV-1 Nef protein within the central nervous system (CNS) we assessed antibody responses to the protein both peripherally and in CNS. Antibodies to Nef were not detected within the CNS despite detection of antibodies to both gp41 and Nef in peripheral blood and representative virus isolates derived from CNS and peripheral blood (PB) samples containing full length nef sequence and virus-infected cells expressing Nef protein. We conclude from this that expression of Nef within the CNS is such that little or no antibody production occurs and that these differences indicate that Nef protein may not be directly contributing to the AIDS dementia complex. Expression of Nef protein in PHA-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CNS derived isolates was different to that of coincidental PB derived isolates in that partial surface expression was observed for the latter. The results suggest that antigenic presentation of Nef within the CNS is anomalous and that Nef protein expression, at least for the limited number of in vitro derived isolates tested, has a different localization pattern.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1994

Susto and the career path of the victim of an industrial accident: a sociological case study.

This is a case study of the processes involved in attaining the status of 'victim' after an industrial accident. In this case a migrant working in the manufacturing industry becomes increasingly 'disabled' and seeks legitimation as a 'victim' who is 'worthy' of financial compensation. The institutional processes involved are the industrial, medical and legal systems. Chronic pain is a condition that often defies an unambiguous diagnosis. Most chronic pain victims are therefore constantly seeking legitimation for their condition as physicians attempt to uncover the aetiology of the pain. Most chronic pain victims also fail to fulfil the expectation of getting well as soon as possible. Physicians can, at best, only give a prognosis that is little better than an 'educated guess'. The conditional nature of the legitimacy gives the chronic pain victims only limited legitimacy for their sick role and this often results in physicians seeking psychological or moral explanations for what began as a relatively simple physical problem. Psychological or psychiatric diagnoses are considerably weaker metaphorically than physiological diagnoses and tend to infer the strong possibility of the victim contributing to her/his condition as a result of hypochondriacal or psychosomatic 'tendencies' or, even worse, 'malingering'. The migrant client can exacerbate this situation through an earnest desire to (over)conform to norms by going along with whatever is recommended by people who hold superior status by virtue of their knowledge and power ('posicíon'). Among some Latin American countries 'over-compliance' has been recognised a socio-medical condition and is termed 'susto'. In the workers' compensation context the shift to overconformity ('susto') results from the uncertainty about receiving (legitimate) acknowledgement and compensation. The desire is to ensure, as far as possible, that a certainty of outcome is achieved (i.e. a return to work or adequate compensation). In other words, concurrent practises within the system (medical-social-legal) produces what it tries to eliminate--the seemingly unjustifiable/illegitimate internalising of the role of victim intent on receiving compensation. 'Susto' is therefore an adaptive response to normative ambiguity and uncertainty about future outcomes. Under conditions of worsening health (physical and mental), and the pressure to continue treatment, the best "solution" for the victim appears to be to "pull the victim out of the medical system", to de-socialise her/him from semi-institutionalisation, and to use social and informal support structures to build up on the victim's independence, self-esteem, personal integrity and sense of control of her/his own life.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1989

Changes in the binding characteristics of oestrogen and progesterone in uterine and intrauterine tissue with the progression of human pregnancy.

The binding characteristics of oestrogen and progesterone in intrauterine tissue were studied in the non-pregnant state and throughout pregnancy using sucrose density gradient centrifugation and titration analyses. High affinity receptors for these steroids which were present in high concentrations in tissue from non-pregnant patients and patients in early pregnancy, decreased with the advance of pregnancy to undetectable levels at term. Non-saturable binding to progesterone detected in term tissue was identified as albumin and cortisol binding globulin.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
PubMed1988

IUD insertion forces: effects of recent childbirth and lactation.

This investigation compared the force required to insert an IUD in women who were breastfeeding and who had recently delivered a child with that required in control women who were not breastfeeding and who had not recently delivered. Twenty-eight women who had recently delivered and who were breastfeeding were compared with twenty-eight controls. The women were matched for age and parity and for the type of IUD used. The mean IUD insertion force in the breastfeeding, recently-delivered women was 1.75 newtons (N) as compared to 2.80 N in the controls. The difference was statistically highly significant (paired t-test, p less than 0.01). Recent childbirth and lactation are associated with a reduction in IUD-related insertion pain, probably due to a reduction in the force required for insertion. This reduction in IUD insertion force is not necessarily related to lower uterine perforation rates in IUD insertion in this group. A number of physiological mechanisms may be responsible for this finding.

Adult↗