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Biomedical subjects

G L Woods

Publications and source records attributed to G L Woods.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Cytomegalovirus infection and disease after liver transplantation. An overview.

Cytomegalovirus is the single most important pathogen in clinical transplantation. Although much progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular biology and epidemiology of CMV infection and in our ability to diagnosis and treat CMV disease, it remains a major cause of morbidity but is no longer a major cause of mortality after liver transplantation. Risk factors for CMV disease after liver transplantation include donor and recipient serologic status, the use of antilymphocyte therapy, and retransplantation. CMV disease occurs early after transplantation, and the most frequent site of disease is the hepatic allograft. We have treated 79 patients with intravenous ganciclovir, with ultimate control of disease achieved in 69 patients (87.3%). Preliminary results using intravenous immunoglobulin and oral acyclovir for CMV prophylaxis in high-risk patients have been encouraging. In addition to producing clinical syndromes. CMV may have direct immunologic effects and is a marker of the net state of immunosuppression.

Cytomegalovirus↗
PubMed1992

Prostaglandin E2 secretion by day-6 to day-9 equine embryos.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secreted by Day-6, Day-7, Day-8 and Day-9 equine embryos (ovulation = Day 0) during in vitro incubation was measured by radioimmunoassay. Embryonic PGE2 secretion (ng/embryo/24 hr) was detectable on Day 6 (0.27 +/- 0.39), tended to increase (P less than 0.1) on Day 7 (0.57 +/- 0.88), and increased significantly (P less than 0.05) on Day 8 (2.23 +/- 0.86) and Day 9 (4.13 +/- 0.71). Embryo diameter at the start of the incubation period was linearly correlated (P less than 0.01) to embryonic PGE2 secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prostaglandin E2-specific binding to the equine oviduct.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) bound specifically (P less than 0.001) to ampullary and isthmic tissue on Day 2 and Day 5 after ovulation. No significant differences (P greater than 0.8) were detected between Day 2 and Day 5 in the specific binding of ampullary or isthmic tissue. Significantly more (P less than 0.05) PGE2 bound specifically to ampullary versus isthmic tissue on both days. Detection of PGE2-specific binding in the oviductal isthmus on Day 2 and Day 5 indicates that the oviduct is responsive to PGE2 when it is capable of transporting equine embryos.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Transrectal ultrasonography for the evaluation of stallion accessory sex glands.

This article reviews the capabilities of transrectal ultrasonography for determining the distribution of fluid and tissue within stallion accessory sex glands. Emphasis is placed on describing the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the accessory sex glands, excurrent ducts, and pelvic urethra of stallions during rest, after teasing, and after ejaculation and using this information to detect glandular abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Chlamydiazyme plus blocking assay to detect Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens.

Three methods to detect Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical swab specimens collected from 502 women with genitourinary or abdominopelvic symptoms were evaluated: (1) a direct immunofluorescence assay, (2) an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, confirming positive samples with a blocking assay, and (3) conventional tissue cell culture. C. trachomatis was detected by at least one method in 72 specimens, of which 56 (11%) were determined to be true-positive results by repeated testing and by performing a confirmatory assay. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 91%, 100%, 100%, and 99%, respectively, for culture and the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay plus blocking assay and 74%, 98%, 83%, and 96%, respectively, for the direct immunofluorescence assay. In this population of women, using the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay with the confirmatory assay is a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective alternative to culture for diagnosing infection with C. trachomatis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Embryo-initiated oviductal transport in mares.

The hypothesis that equine embryos initiate oviductal transport in mares was tested by placing day 6 uterine embryos in the oviducts of day 2 (n = 10) or day 5 (n = 10) recipient mares and attempting to collect the embryos from the uterus 48 h later. To determine whether the surgical transfer procedure initiated oviductal transport, medium alone was placed in the oviducts of day 2 (n = 10) inseminated mares (sham transfer), and uterine embryo collections were attempted 48 h later. Embryos were transported through the oviduct of day 2 recipients by day 4 (instead of day 5 to 6) in six of ten mares, which was not significantly less (P greater than 0.1) than in day 5 recipients (9 of 10). Oviductal transport was not primarily initiated by the surgical transfer procedure, since oviductal transport occurred in only one sham transfer. There was no significant difference (P greater than 0.1) in the diameter of embryos placed in the oviducts of day 2 and day 5 recipient mares (180 +/- 13.8 versus 187 +/- 11.3 microns, respectively). However, embryos collected from the uterus were significantly smaller (P less than 0.05) in day 2 than in day 5 recipients (375 +/- 85.4 versus 659 +/- 43.6 microns, respectively). One uterine embryo had shed its zona pellucida before being placed in, and transported through, the oviduct of the recipient mare.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Automation in clinical microbiology.

Automation was introduced into the clinical microbiology laboratory in the 1960s but initially met with limited success. Today, instruments are an integral part of many clinical laboratories and are used for microbial detection, identification, and susceptibility testing; detection of positive blood cultures; screening urine samples for potential pathogens; and assaying levels of antimicrobial agents in body fluids. Automation has allowed more rapid diagnosis and elimination of the subjective interpretation of many manual tests. In addition, in some cases, automated tests are more sensitive and specific than manual techniques. However, automated testing often is more expensive than manual testing and is associated with the possibility of mechanical failure. Automation will continue to be an important part of the clinical microbiology laboratory and in the future will include more molecular biology technologies, such as the polymerase chain reaction. Perhaps practical applications of flow cytometry will be identified.

Automation↗
PubMed1991

Widespread dissemination of Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome receiving long-term treatment with aerosolized pentamidine.

Patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) may be infected with many opportunistic pathogens, the most common of which is Pneumocystis carinii. P. carinii infection typically presents as a subacute pneumonia. However, rare cases of localized, extrapulmonary, and disseminated disease have been described. Standard therapy for P. carinii is systemically administered trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine. These agents, however, frequently are associated with serious adverse effects. More recently, aerosolized pentamidine has been proposed as an alternative treatment for those who cannot tolerate standard therapy and as primary and secondary prophylaxis. Inhaled pentamidine is effective, but it is not without hazards. The authors describe a patient with AIDS who received long-term treatment with aerosolized pentamidine and yet died as a result of widely disseminated P. carinii infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of the Gen-Probe PACE 2 system, direct fluorescent-antibody, and cell culture for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical specimens.

A chemiluminescent-labeled DNA probe (Gen-Probe PACE 2 System) for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens was evaluated. For each specimen, tissue cell culture, direct immunofluorescent staining (DFA), and DNA probe assay were performed. Thirty of 318 (9.4%) specimens were positive for C. trachomatis. The sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values of the DNA probe compared with cell culture were 93%, 98%, 85%, and 99%, respectively, and for DFA these same values were 81%, 99%, 83%, and 99%, respectively. The Gen-Probe PACE 2 System is a reliable method for the rapid detection of endocervical chlamydial infection.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1991

Prostaglandin E2 secretion by oviductal transport-stage equine embryos.

This study was conducted to identify embryonic products whose secretion was temporally associated with the oviductal transport period of the mare. Chemicals secreted by oviductal-transport-stage equine embryos were identified by incubating Day 6 or Day 7 early uterine embryos with 35S-methionine/cysteine, 3H-progesterone, or 3H-arachidonic acid for 24 h, and subsequently identifying radioactively labeled proteins (SDS-PAGE; n = 3 embryos), steroids (HPLC; n = 3 embryos), or prostaglandins (HPLC; n = 3 embryos) in the culture medium. Early uterine embryos secreted 116.1 +/- 45.5 pg of prostaglandin (PG) E2/embryo, 1.0 +/- 0.2 pg of 17 alpha-hydroxy progesterone/embryo, 4.8 +/- 0.6 pg of androstenedione/embryo, and 11.5 +/- 4.5 pg of PGF2 alpha/embryo. They did not secrete detectable quantities of protein, testosterone, or estradiol-17 beta. A second experiment was conducted to measure temporal changes in embryonic PGE2 secretion during the oviductal and early uterine period. Day 3, Day 4, Day 5, and Day 6 embryos (n = 8 embryos/day) were incubated with 3H-arachidonic acid for 24 h, and the concentration of 3H-PGE2 in the culture medium was subsequently measured by HPLC. Embryos did not secrete detectable amounts of PGE2 prior to the expected time of oviductal transport (Day 3 and Day 4). They secreted 5.7 +/- 1.0 pg of PGE2/embryo immediately before and during the expected time of oviductal transport (Day 5), and they secreted significantly of PGE2/embryo immediately before and during the expected time of oviductal transport (Day 5), and they secreted significantly (p less than 0.01) higher amounts (42.0 +/- 11.5 pg) of PGE2/embryo immediately after uterine entry (Day 6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Prostaglandin E2 hastens oviductal transport of equine embryos.

The hypothesis that treatment of pregnant mares with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hastens the oviductal transport of equine embryos was tested by treating bred mares with PGE2 on Day 3 after ovulation and subsequently measuring the rate of hastened oviductal transport (estimated by the uterine embryo recovery rate on Day 4 after ovulation). In a preliminary, noncontrolled experiment, oviductal transport was apparently not hastened after intramuscular, intrauterine, or intraperitoneal PGE2 administration to bred mares (0/6, 0/3, and 0/3 mares, respectively). Oviductal transport appeared to be hastened in 1/13 mares after a single intraoviductal administration of PGE2, and in 2/2 mares after continuous intraoviductal administration of PGE2. In a subsequent, controlled experiment, treatment with a continuous intraoviductal infusion of PGE2 hastened oviductal transport in significantly more (p less than 0.01) mares versus a continuous intraoviductal infusion of vehicle or no treatment (6/11 vs. 0/11 or 0/11 mares, respectively). Unfertilized oocytes and oviductal masses were also recovered from mare uteri after continuous intraoviductal PGE2 administration, but were not recovered after vehicle administration or no treatment. These results support the hypothesis that PGE2 treatment hastens the oviductal transport of equine embryos, and suggest a role for embryonic PGE2 in the initiation of selective oviductal transport in the mare.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Successful prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease after primary CMV exposure in liver transplant recipients.

UNLABELLED: During a 38-month period, we studied 320 liver transplants in 283 recipients (202 adults, 81 children). CMV disease was documented in 85 patients (30.0%) The major risk factor for CMV disease was primary CMV exposure (transplanting a seropositive allograft into a seronegative recipient). A total of 42 patients (14.8%) had primary CMV exposure. Twenty-one patients were historical controls, while the next 21 received prophylaxis for CMV infection in a nonrandomized trial of consecutive study groups. The regimen of prophylaxis consisted of intravenous immune globulin (IgG; 0.5 g/kg) at weekly intervals for 6 weeks and acyclovir for 3 months. CMV prophylaxis resulted in a dramatic reduction in the incidence of CMV disease (71.4% vs. 23.8%, (P less than 0.01). All cases of CMV were treated with intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg b.i.d. for 14 days), with 5 patients in the control group developing recurrent CMV disease (33.3% relapse). In the 16 patients receiving prophylaxis who did not develop CMV disease, all developed positive CMV-IgG titers with the passive administration of IgG. However, none developed any evidence of CMV infection or viral shedding as assessed by IgM titers and surveillance viral cultures. Four deaths occurred (all control patients), but none were related to CMV disease. Overall patient and graft survivals after primary CMV exposure were 90.5% and 82.2%, respectively, after a mean follow-up of 14 months. CONCLUSION: Primary CMV exposure is a major risk factor for CMV disease in liver transplant recipients. Intravenous IgG plus acyclovir is safe and effective in preventing CMV infection and disease in this setting. Because of the scarcity of donor organs, we do not advocate protective matching to avoid primary CMV exposure but rather recommend prophylaxis to prevent CMV disease in this high-risk group.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1991

Factors influencing determination of high-level aminoglycoside resistance in Enterococcus faecalis.

The ability of seven methods to detect high-level gentamicin (58 strains) and streptomycin resistance (56 strains) among 107 Enterococcus faecalis isolates was investigated at the University of Chicago Medical Center and the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Methods included a standard agar screen plate, high-content disk diffusion, Remel (Lenexa, Kans.) EF Synergy Quad plates, standard microdilution panels prepared in house, Pasco MIC Gram-Positive panels (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), MicroScan MIC Type 5 dry panels (Baxter Healthcare Corp., MicroScan Div., West Sacramento, Calif.), and Vitek GPS-TA cards (Vitek Systems Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.). Results indicating false resistance were not obtained by any method, and there was 100% agreement between the results of the disk diffusion and standard agar screen methods. Prolonging incubation from 24 to 48 h increased resistance detection for both agar and microdilution screens. EF Synergy Quad plates inoculated with micropipettes detected 100% of the streptomycin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates. Resistance detection for streptomycin and gentamicin, respectively, was 93 and 96% by standard microdilution, 93 and 98% by Pasco panels, 88 and 89% by MicroScan panels, and 88 and 91% by Vitek GPS-TA cards. False susceptibility occurred more frequently with streptomycin-resistant isolates than it did with gentamicin-resistant strains and appeared to be strain related in some instances. The use of an increased inoculum size enhanced resistance detection with these strains, but it complicated interpretation of results and led to the selection of streptomycin-resistant mutants. Until results of further studies delineate optimum test conditions, a delay in the final interpretation of agar and microdilution screen results until 48 h for isolates showing no or light growth at 24 h may help to minimize the occurrence of false susceptibility reporting.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1991

Detection of cytomegalovirus in bronchoalveolar lavage: a comparison of techniques.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised individuals. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a noninvasive means to procure large numbers of bronchial and alveolar cells from the lung. To assess various methods of detecting CMV in the lavage specimen, 26 BAL specimens from 16 patients at high risk for CMV infection were evaluated. The methods and time required for analysis were the following: cytologic examination of Papanicolaou-stained membrane filters (1 h); viral cytopathic effects in tissue culture (days to weeks); spin amplification followed by staining with a monoclonal antibody for detection of CMV early nuclear antigen (18 h); and in situ hybridization (IH) with a biotinylated complementary DNA (cDNA) CMV probe (5 h). CMV was detected in 11 of 26 (42%) specimens by the early antigen assay, ten of 26 (38%) by in situ hybridization, five of 26 (19%) by tissue culture, and three of 26 (12%) by routine cytology. The absence of diagnostic CMV nuclear and/or cytoplasmic inclusions in many specimens positive by in situ hybridization and/or early antigen detection assay may be in part due to low levels of viral replication, insufficient for the development of diagnostic inclusions. These data show that techniques using in situ hybridization or fluorescent anti-CMV antibodies are rapid and are more sensitive for CMV identification than both cytomorphological examination and traditional tissue culture methods. Additional studies are required to determine the clinical significance of early CMV detection by in situ hybridization and early nuclear antigen detection assays.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A microbiologic survey of long term care urinary catheters.

Culture and sensitivity data were collected on over 500 isolates from indwelling urinary catheters in 23 Nebraska long-term care facilities. Four percent of all nursing home patients had indwelling urinary catheters. The prevalence of bacteriuria in catheterized patients was 79%., and the most frequent isolates were E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus species. Thirteen percent of catheterized patients were receiving systemic antibiotics, and 85% had at least one urinary bacterial isolate resistant to the antibiotic being administered. Antibiotic resistance correlated positively with a number of factors in the long-term care institutions, including size and skill level.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Changes in accessory sex glands of stallions after sexual preparation and ejaculation.

Ultrasonographic images of the accessory sex glands of 8 stallions were recorded immediately prior to sexual preparation, immediately after sexual preparation, and immediately after ejaculation. Relative size changes, determined by measurements of ultrasonograms of accessory sex gland, were contrasted. Length and width of the bulbourethral glands increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after sexual preparation and decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) after ejaculation. The increase in bulbourethral gland volume following sexual preparation was correlated significantly (P less than 0.01) with the number of false mounts attempted by stallions during sexual preparation. Diameter of the pelvic portion of the urethra did not change significantly (P greater than 0.05) after sexual preparation or after ejaculation. Prostate gland lobular and isthmic thickness increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after sexual preparation and decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) after ejaculation. Total and lumenal diameter of the ampullae increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after sexual preparation and decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) after ejaculation. Diameter of the ampulla wall did not change significantly (P greater than 0.05) after sexual preparation or ejaculation. Reduction of the lumenal area of the ampullae after ejaculation was not correlated (P greater than 0.05) to concentration of spermatozoa or total spermatozoa per ejaculate. Total and lumenal diameters of the vesicular glands increased significantly (P less than 0.05) after sexual preparation and decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) after ejaculation. Diameter of the vesicular gland wall did not change significantly (P greater than 0.05) after sexual preparation or ejaculation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Aspergillus infection of the central nervous system in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Infections of the central nervous system in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are common. Of the many microorganisms that have been implicated, infection with Aspergillus is rare. We describe three patients with Aspergillus infection of the nervous system. Two patients had cerebral lesions due to Aspergillus flavus, and one patient had Aspergillus fumigatus infection of the spinal cord. Diagnosis of the infections was difficult, and therapy appeared to be ineffective.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗