Undocumented migrants in Greece: issues of regularization.
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Demography↗
Biomedical subjects
G Lazaridis
Publications and source records attributed to G Lazaridis.
Albanian and Polish undocumented workers in Greece: a comparative analysis.
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Albania↗
Immigration to Greece: a critical evaluation of Greek policy.
"In the light of the EU's interest in the movement of labour within the Union, the first part of this article looks at the character of Greek migrant labour with the aim of providing an overview of changes in the flow of migrant labour into Greece and of the policies adopted in relation to immigrant labour. It discusses the failure of the Greek government to formulate strategic measures to combat illegal immigration...and the limited (if any) efforts being made to aid the integration of Albanians. The second part of the article concentrates on [the experiences of] Albanian migrant labourers in Greece....[It] also assesses the similarities and differences in the employment positions of Albanian men and women in Greece and the way in which mechanisms of marginalisation differently affect these two categories."
Acculturation↗
Pyrolysing insecticidal coils: air pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagens detected by the Salmonella/microsome test.
Pyrolysing insecticidal coils, which are used commonly for their evaporative release of insecticidal amounts of pyrethrins, have been investigated with respect to the emission of airborne particles, their mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test and their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content. Emitted particles contain compounds that are mutagenic in the absence of exogenous activation, as well as components that require mammalian activation. The particles also contain a range of PAH, but their concentration cannot account for the mutagenic response with mammalian activation. The use of pyrolysing insecticidal coils in semi-enclosed spaces may cause air pollution by releasing mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds that are of a magnitude similar to that found in other air pollution situations.
Journal Article↗
Mutagenicity assay of emission extracts from wood stoves: comparison with other emission parameters.
The emission from wood stoves of several types of air pollutants has been measured under standardized burning conditions with emphasis on the amount of organic compounds and determination of the mutagenic activity with the Salmonella/microsome assay. The study corroborates earlier findings that conventional wood stoves can be a significant source of hydrocarbon and tar compounds in the ambient air. The emission of mutagenic compounds comprise both compounds requiring mammalian activation and compounds which are active in the test without exogenous activation. The mutagenicity tests show that nitroaromatic compounds are present in wood stove emissions, although the emission of nitrogen oxides is low. A wood stove constructed using the downdraft principle emitted much less hydrocarbons and tar, less mutagenic components and slightly less carbon monoxide than conventional wood stoves.
Air Pollutants↗
Efflux of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate from cerebellar slices stimulated by L-glutamate or high K+ or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
The efflux of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) was studied from rat cerebellar slices which were stimulated by L-glutamate (1 mM), or by depolarizing concentrations of K+ (60 mM) or by the nitroso compound, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Via different mechanisms these agents stimulated cGMP synthesis producing several fold elevation of the cGMP content of the tissue slices. Simultaneously with the elevation of the intracellular (intra slice) concentrations of cGMP, a temperature-and time-dependent efflux of cGMP into the medium took place. This efflux was maximal at 5 min and could be inhibited by the known inhibitor of anion transport, probenecid, in a concentration-dependent manner. The results suggest the presence of an efflux system for cGMP, which may participate together with the well-characterized 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in reduction of elevated cGMP levels.
Animals↗
Environmental tobacco smoke: comparative characterization by mutagenicity assays of sidestream and mainstream cigarette smoke.
Mainstream cigarette smoke particles were collected by means of a smoking machine, and sidestream particles were collected from the room in which the smoking took place. The particles were extracted by sonication with acetone, and the extracts were solvent-exchanged to dimethyl sulfoxide. The samples were tested for mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. The mainstream extract is preferentially mutagenic in the presence of S9, with about 30,000 revertants/cigarette in TA98, but has little or no activity in its absence. The sidestream extract is also mutagenic in the presence of S9 with TA98, and this activity is mainly due to basic compounds. Sidestream smoke is also significantly mutagenic in the absence of S9 in the strain TA100 as well as in TA97 and TA104. This "direct" activity is due to components that are labile. The response of sidestream particles is 10,000-20,000 revertants/cigarette in TA98 + S9 and TA100-S9 when the collection is performed in a room where the particle concentration is modulated by deposition to surfaces. Sidestream particles collected on glass fiber filter and by electrostatic precipitation (ESP) with a commercial air cleaning device gave essentially the same mutagenic response, showing that ESP sampling may be an alternative to filter sampling for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in indoor environments. ESP sampling in children's rooms in smoking and nonsmoking homes showed that 5-10% of the tobacco smoke emitted in the smoking homes entered the child's room, demonstrating that diffusion of pollutants is faster than ventilation in modern buildings with low ventilation rates.
Animals↗
Short-term bioassays of fractionated emission samples from wood combustion.
Extracts of an emission sample from wood burning, consisting of particles and volatiles, have been fractionated on an HPLC silica gel column into five fractions of increasing polarity. Nonfractionated samples and the individual fractions have been tested in three different short-term bioassays: the Ames Salmonella assay, the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction-test in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), and the cell transformation test on Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. Most of the total activity was found in the volatile part of the sample with all three bioassays, whereas the particle extract had the highest activity per unit mass extracted. The second most polar fraction contained most of the mass and was also highly active in all assays. The most polar fraction was very potent in the Salmonella assay, but showed only a weak response in the eukaryotic bioassays. Storage of the samples for several months at 0 degrees C revealed that the bacterial mutagens present in the most polar fraction were labile; the mutagenicity was almost totally lost after 1 year's storage.
Animals↗
Cyclic GMP efflux from liver slices.
Cyclic GMP efflux from liver slices was studied when the intracellular cyclic GMP levels were elevated by incubation with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (0.1 mM) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (0.25 mM). A probenecid-sensitive and a probenecid-insensitive efflux system for cyclic GMP was found. It is suggested that the former system operates a carrier, which is saturable, the capacity of which is increased by alkylation with N-ethylmaleimide. The rate of net efflux of cyclic GMP increases 20-fold in the temperature interval 18-37 degrees C. Probenecid (0.5 mM) gives 50% inhibition of this system. The probenecid-insensitive cyclic GMP efflux component probably corresponds to passive diffusion. It appears that efflux may be an important complement to cyclic 3':5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in reducing intracellular cyclic GMP levels.
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗