Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to G Lazorthes.
Authors have previously published April 1988 a lecture where they criticize the bad denomination "passed coma" full of ambiguity for public mind, to which "brain death" ought to be preferred. In the present communication, they remark that this last denomination is not absolutely exact because the real site of responsibility of death is the "brain stem", or to say better the medulla. They discuss of some explorative tests of this part of the encephalon.
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The posterior sacral branches, when connecting, form the posterior sacral plexus and its terminal branch, the posterior gluteal nerve that we suggest be called the inter-gluteal nerve because of its course and territory. Apart from their anatomic interest, their lesions can explain some neuralgias in sacrococcygeal attacks.
Until now spatial physiology and medicine concern mainly disturbances caused by life in microgravity during short stay (days, weeks). Neuro-sensorial, cardiovascular, osteo-muscular manifestations are well known; their prophylaxis is in great part established. It is shortly speak of them. Consequence of long stay (months or years) are not so well known; they are physiologic and psychologic. These long flights are now rare but they would probably be more numerous in next future. Authors present successively physics dangers: radiations, meteorites, composition of screw, number and selective tests, alimentation, fry time, habitation, biologic rhythms, psychism... We meet the same psychologic problems as great explorations have known.
At the cervical level, in the foramen, the rachidian nerve is surrounded by two mantles: a dural one and a fibrous one continuing the epidural periosteal sheet of which it is a thickening. We can wonder whether this fibrous sheath is at the origin of some cervical radiculalgias in which one cannot detect any radiological lesion of the skeleton or disk.
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This report concerns not only anatomical study of posterior branches of the spinal nerves, but has also a clinical aim. The cutaneous territories and the sites of pain irradiation are precised. In the cervico-thoracic region emphasis is placed on the importance of the fourth cervical posterior branch and of the second dorsal posterior branch. At the lumbar and sacral levels the authors distinguish three pain pathways: from up to down and from outside to inside: the first corresponding to posterior branches of 11th and 12th dorsal nerves, the second to those of first, second and third lumbar nerves and the third to sacral nerves.
By opposition to the anterior branches of spinal nerves which are constituted by motor, sensitive and autonomic fibers, some of the posterior branches have not or have few of sensitive territory: C1, C5, C6, C7, D1, L4, L5 are like that. This particularity ought to be reflected in their histogram. In a first analyse authors study number of fibers, in a second their caliber.
Two times on three exist one cutaneous innervation hiatus from C4 to Th2. Sometimes C5 and Th1 have cutaneous territory, never C6, C7 and C8 reach the skin. It seems that for compensated absence or little extent of cutaneous territories of C5 and Th1, neighbouring posterior branches C4 and Th2 are particularly important.
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The author first discusses the difficulties in making the distinctions between physiological and pathological cerebral aging. The initial question to be solved is whether or not the physiologic aging of the brain is the result of general vascular pathology or neuronal degeneration. Morphological modifications are then discussed: general and brain weight, lipofuscine deposits, aspect and number of cortical arteries, degenerative arterial lesions. Physiological modifications, i.e. alterations in neurotransmission, cerebral blood flow and metabolism are discussed in the second part of the presentation which is followed by a review of the current literature. The various conclusions drawn concern the available means to retard cerebral, neuronal and vascular aging.
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