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Biomedical subjects

G O Kaminskaia

Publications and source records attributed to G O Kaminskaia.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Biochemistry in the formation of modern phthisiosurgery: its role and prospects].

The paper reviews the development of biochemical studies in phthisiosurgery, by comparing the needs of resuscitation and anesthetic provision of major thoracic operations and the management of the postoperative period. Emphasis is laid on the leading role of biochemical monitoring in the prevention and treatment of postoperative events, such as acute renal failure, metabolic alkalosis, thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, pulmonary thromboembolism, and others. The prospects of further researches dealing with the problems of postoperative pathophysiology are considered in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed2006

[Qualitative assessment of metabolic shifts accompanying the acutely progressive course of pulmonary tuberculosis].

Eighty-one patients with acutely progressive pulmonary tuberculosis (APPT) (a study group) and 63 patients with involutive pulmonary tuberculosis (a control group) were examined. The magnitude of a systemic inflammatory response was estimated by the values of acute phase reagents (APR) and the blood protein spectrum; the body's iron provision, the state of the hemostatic and fibrinolytic systems, the functional status of mononuclear leukocytes and neutrophils were determined by the basal level of oxygen-dependent and nitrite oxide metabolism and by the capacity of these systems to respond to specific stimulation. In APPT, along with increased APR levels reflecting the mobilization of various components of endogenous defense, the serum (plasma) was found to show the signs of metabolic decompensation as increased catabolic processes and hepatic protein-synthesizing dysfunction in the presence of intravascular inactivation of functionally significant proteins. Noteworthy is hypochromic anemia caused by the body's redistribution of iron (in the absence of its genuine deficiency) and by the reduced plasma concentration of transferring. The patients with APPT had a significant hypercoagulation syndrome with the signs of latent intravascular blood coagulation. Antimicrobial defensive processes involved mononuclear leukocytes and neutrophils wherein free radical oxidation and nitric oxide generation became intensive. In APPT, the permanent reirritation of these systems led to the exhaustion of functional reserves of cells and their response to specific stimulation diminished. In the neutrophils, rearrangement of their metabolism correlated with other manifestations of a systemic inflammatory response and in the mononuclear leukocytes, this correlated with the size of a bacterial population and with the presence of drug sensitivity/resistance of the causative agent.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

[The hemostatic system and correction of its impairments, by using the disaggregatory agent ticlopidine and low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis].

The study was undertaken to examine the mechanisms of changes in the plasma and platelet links of hemostasis in patients with idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis in relation to the course of the disease and the possibilities of correcting the detected disorders with antiaggregatory and anticoagulative agents. Sixty-five patients were examined. All the patients were found to have the signs of hypercoagulation and a drastic change in the functional status of platelets. There was a relationship of the severity of impairments of hemocoagulation and platelet aggregation to the nature of a course of the disease. Addition of the antiaggregatory agent ticlopidine to the standard therapy exerted a normalizing impact on the functional status of platelets, which was more pronounced in the progressive course of the disease. The use of the low molecular-weight heparin fraxiparine had a beneficial effect on both components of the hemostatic system, which was more marked in the progressive course of idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis.

Drug Therapy, Combination↗
PubMed2004

[The phenotypes of haptoglobin and the level of acute-phasic proteins in the sera of children with local form of intrathoracic tuberculosis].

Seventy-seven children aged 4-12 years who had local forms of primary intrathoracic tuberculosis were examined. On admission to and discharge from hospital, haptoglobin (Hp) was phenotyped and the content of Hp was measured, and the activity of alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) was determined. In all ill children, the distribution of Hp phenotypes did not differ from the normal level, but all patients with tuberculous pleurisy were found to be carriers of Hp1 gene (among them the phenotype Hp 2-2 was absent and the minor variant of Hp 1-1 was detectable in half the cases). In patients of this group, alpha1-AT acted as a typical acute phase reagent and remained moderately increased by the termination of treatment in the vast majority of the examinees. On the contrary, on admission the content of Hp was to be decreased. Its increase was natural only in patients with tuberculous pleurisy. The level of Hp was associated with its phenotype. Carriers of Hp1-1 had elevated levels of Hp in the overwhelming majority of cases whereas those of Hp 2-2 had its decreased levels. It is concluded that in children with primary tuberculosis, the serum level of Hp may not be used as an indicator of the activity of the process. Possible causes and the values of decreased levels of circulating Hp in children with primary tuberculosis are discussed in the paper.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed2004

[Changes in the levels of nitric oxide in the mononuclear cells and neutrophils of patients with tuberculosis with varying courses of pulmonary tuberculosis].

A hundred and forty four patients with different types of the course of pulmonary tuberculosis were examined. Before and 20 hours after incubation with BCG-killed cultures, mononuclear cells and neutrophils were used to estimate the level of generation of nitric oxide (NO) from the content of its stabile metabolites--nitrites determined by Griess reagent. Crucially active pulmonary tuberculosis was found to follow the increased leukocytic generation of NO. The most profound shifts occurred in the mononuclear cells. During a favorable involutional process, the mononuclear cells increased their baseline generation of NO and, moreover, preserved their potential for a responsive "nitric oxide burst" when they met a specific causative agent. In patients with acute pulmonary tuberculosis, the basal level of NO in the mononuclear cells was high, but their response to BCG proved to be decreased. In the neutrophils, the basal level of NO exhibited a significant scatter and their higher response to BCG was noted only during the involutional course of tuberculosis. Changes in the leukocytic levels of NO were related to the magnitude of a systemic inflammatory response, to the severity of respiratory failure, and to the rate of cellular lipid peroxidation. A clear relationship was observed between the nature of baseline changes in the values of NA and the efficiency of subsequent treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Intensive chemotherapy tolerance in old patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

In accordance with the WHO recommendations, the intensive stage of chemotherapy was performed in 100 patients aged 60 to 87 years who had pulmonary tuberculosis. Most (n = 78) patients successfully completed this stage and the remaining 22 patients developed intractable adverse reactions and they had to receive individual chemotherapy regimens. In addition, 27 more patients had adverse reactions that could be eliminated by routine methods, without discontinuing standard treatment. The distinctive feature of intractable reactions were their occurrence within the first 10-20 days after the onset of treatment, they were markedly toxic and allergic and appeared as changes in some organ systems. They are most likely to develop in patients with significant cardiovascular diseases (hypertensive disease, coronary heart disease) accompanied by pronounced focal and diffuse myocardial changes, as evidenced by ECG and in those with signs of prior myocardial infarction. Correctable adverse reactions generally occur in the final period of intensive chemotherapy, they are mainly toxic and differ from intractable reactions of less extent.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

[Frequency and pattern of adverse reactions due to treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with antitubercular reserve drugs].

Two hundred and fifty-four patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, treated with reserve antituberculous drugs due to multidrug resistance, the ineffective prior stage of treatment, or intractable adverse reactions, were examined. Aminoglycosides and capreomycin were administered. Combinations simultaneously included 5-7 drugs. Adverse reactions were developed in 72.8% of the patients to different drugs and in different periods. Adverse gastrointestinal, renal, central nervous system, and auditory reactions of reserve drugs were most commonly detected. Essential were also electrolyte metabolic disturbances, hypothyroidism (when reserve drugs were given), intestinal dysbacteriosis, and allergic reactions. The paper analyzes the pattern of adverse reactions caused by each preparation, the time of their occurrence, and methods for their elimination in detail. Adverse reactions to reserve drugs exerted a negative effect of the efficiency of the chemotherapy performed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Effectiveness of an intensive chemotherapy stage in new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus].

Intensive chemotherapy for first detected pulmonary tuberculosis was initiated in 110 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Types 1 and 2 DM was present in 52 and 58 patients, respectively. In accordance with the WHO recommendations, isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin or ethambutol were given to the patients at the first loading stage. Following 2-3 months, they were treated with isoniazid and rifampicin (as well as with pyrazinamide in some cases). A good or fair tolerability of the first stage of chemotherapy was noted in 86 (78.2%) patients with concurrent pathology (Group 1). The signs of intolerability developed in the remaining 24 (21.8%) patients forced them have an individually chosen chemotherapy regime instead of the standard one (Group 2). Both groups were comparable by age, gender, the pattern of a pulmonary process, the types and severity of DM. The effect of treatment was much higher in Group 1 patients. According to the data of bacterioscopy and inoculation, bacterial isolation ceased in them earlier and achieved more frequently than in Group 2 patients (83.7 and 54.5%, respectively; p < 0.05). Better X-ray lung changes were revealed after 4-month therapy. Decay cavity closure after 10 months of treatment was achieved in 69.3 and 30% of the patients in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p < 0.05). Thus, most patients with DM tolerated intensive chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis well or satisfactorily. The higher efficiency of this therapy than that of individually selected regiment allows the author recommend its wider use in patients with this concomitant pathology.

Antibiotics, Antitubercular↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of immunomodulator leukinferon on the course of experimental tuberculosis].

An experiment was conducted on 60 CBA mice intravenously inoculated with cultured Mycobacteria tuberculosis (MBT), Erdmann strain, in a dose of 0.025 mg. The specific features of tissue, cellular, and biochemical reactions were studied in the lung, liver, and spleen when leukinferon (LF) was included into tuberculosis treatment regimen. LF was shown to have a positive impact on the development of reparative reactions during tuberculous inflammation by reducing the time of abacillation and recovering the structure of diseased organs. By month 3 of follow-up, MBT were not detected in mice receiving antibacterial agents (ABA) and LF, while typical and changed forms of LF were identified in the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages in mice treated with ABA alone. A specific feature of an inflammatory reaction as a significant proliferation of lymphocytes and macrophages with their ample infiltration of target organs was noted in animals receiving LF. This was followed by the activated production of alpha- and gamma-interferons and by the mobilization of an enzymatic link of anti-oxidant defense under chronic oxidative stress, which led to a reduction of resolution of inflammatory areas and to an increase in survival of animals which had not been given ABA, but treated with LF alone.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2002

[Red blood cell metabolic changes in patients with acutely progressive pulmonary tuberculosis].

In 52 patients with acutely progressive pulmonary tuberculosis (APPT), their red blood cells were used to determine the values of their energy metabolism by lactate dehydrogenase (LDG) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDG), the antioxidative defense from the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and from the levels of malonic dialdehyde (MDA), as well as the intraerythrocytic level of platelet activation factor (PAF) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerinic acid (2,3-DPGA). The concentration of plasma hemoglobin (Hb) was measured as an indicator of spontaneous hemolysis. In the red blood cells from patients with APPT, the activity of LDG and SOD was found to be drastically suppressed, the content of MDA was increased, the intracellular level of PAF was lowered and the concentration of 2,3-DPGA was very moderately elevated. The plasma concentration of free Hb is thrice as high as the normal value. Following 3 months of chemotherapy with 4-5 drugs, the activity of LDG became higher, yet remaining less than the normal values and that of G-6-PDG significantly dropped. The activity of SOD and catalase increased, but the level of MDA remained high. There was a drastic fall in the intracellular levels of PAF. The plasma concentration of free Hb dropped, but remaining significantly higher than the normal values. Possible ways of correcting the changes found are discussed in the paper.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

[Some metabolic characteristics of circulating phagocytes in patients with different types of pulmonary tuberculosis].

Before and 2 and 3 months after chemotherapy, spontaneous and BCG-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) tests, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, the levels of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and platelet activation factor (PAF) in isolated mononuclear cells and neutrophils were estimated in 169 patients with different forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Before treatment, in the patients the monocytic bactericidal potential assessed by NBT test parameters was found to increase, but the neutrophilic one reduced due to their basal overirritation. All other test parameters were higher in both types of cells. The magnitude and balance of changes were interrelated to the onset and nature of the process. Following 3 months of treatment, the bactericidal potential increased much more in the monocytes and returned to normal values if the changes in the processes were favourable. In both types of the cells, SOD activity became normal to normal values, MDA levels were maintained in the normal range due to the a preserved enhancement in catalase activity. PAF remained in the upper normal range. Both types of the cells showed drastically increased levels of MDA and drastically decreased PAF levels with progression due to therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with different types of diabetes mellitus].

Comparing the clinical and X-ray characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis developed in 110 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (Group 1) and in 40 patients with type 2 (Group 2) revealed significant differences between these groups. An acuter onset and rapid progression, formation of extensive lesions with multiple, but small decay areas were typical for type 1 diabetes patients. Intensive chemotherapy for tuberculosis according to the standard WHO regimens is successfully tolerated by patients with different types of diabetes mellitus. Slight changes in hepatic functions (elevated levels of total bilirubin and aminopherases) are not beyond the ranges of allowable fluctuations and they do not prevent the first stage of treatment to be performed. The short duration of this stage of treatment is a determinant of a satisfactory tolerance of intensive chemotherapy at its first most loaded stage. The outcomes of the therapy were more favourable in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Their bacterial isolation ceased early and more frequently and decay cavities closed in a larger number of cases as compared with patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The higher efficiency of treatment in Group 1 patients was caused not only by the specific features of the genesis of a tuberculous process and the nature of its clinical and X-ray manifestation, but also by differences in isoniazid inactivation processes. The significantly higher incidence of a slight inactivation of this drug in Group 1 patients determined its higher blood concentration and more pronounced therapeutical effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Biochemical characteristics of fluid and cells of bronchoalveolar washings in patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis].

In 43 patients with exogenous allergic alveolitis (EAA), including 30 and 13 in its acute and chronic disease, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed, bronchoalveolar washing fluid (BAWF), isolated alveolar macrophages (AM) and unfractionated cellular sediment (NFCS) were separately studied. The BAWF showed high rates of lipid peroxidation (LPO), decreased antiproteolytic defense, and activated local synthesis of haptoglobin (Hp), fibronectin (FN), platelet activation factor (PAF), and enzymes of antioxidative defense (AOD). There was a rise in FN and PAF concentrations in the acute phase of the disease and higher PLO rates and elevated Hp levels in chronic EAA. The rate of oxidative metabolism in AMs was much higher in acute EAA than that in chronic EAA and accompanied by imbalance in the PLO-AOD system. AM levels of PAF was high in patients in both groups. The rate of LPO was higher in NFCS than in AM and was also followed by simultaneous AOD mobilization with preserved imbalance. A particularly significant AOD insufficiency in the NFCS was noted in chronic EAA, which was accompanied by decreased PAF. Thus, local pathochemical processes are of significance in developing the pattern of the process in EAA.

Adolescent↗