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G Orchard

Publications and source records attributed to G Orchard.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

The use of LYVE-1 antibody for detecting lymphatic involvement in patients with malignant melanoma of known sentinel node status.

BACKGROUND: Sentinel node (SN) status is the most important prognostic indicator in patients with cutaneous melanoma without clinically evident metastatic spread, but the procedure is associated with considerable morbidity. The LYVE-1 lymphatic marker offers the possibility of studying lymphangiogenesis and tumour metastasis within the primary excision. AIMS: To establish whether lymphatic vessel numbers/distribution within the primary tumour correlated with SN status. To assess whether tumour cells were easily demonstrable within lymphatics and could be used as a surrogate for SN status. METHODS: Double immunostaining for LYVE-1 and S100 in cutaneous biopsies from 18 SN+ patients with no lymphatic/vascular involvement on routine histology and 18 SN- patients matched for tumour thickness and ulceration. RESULTS: Lymphatic vessels were detected in all cases. Vessels within the tumour mass were suggestive of active lymphangiogenesis; those outside were mainly mature vessels with well defined walls. Tumour cells within lymphatics were detected in one of 18 SN- and five of 18 SN+ patients. Lymphatics containing tumour cells were all outside the tumour mass in well formed vessels, suggesting melanoma cell invasion into preformed lymphatics. There was no significant difference in lymphatic counts between SN+ and SN- patients. Although peritumorous lymphatic counts were higher in ulcerated than non-ulcerated melanomas, they did not vary with Breslow thickness. CONCLUSION: LYVE-1 staining can reliably demonstrate lymphatic vessel distribution, but lymphatic counts cannot predict melanoma metastatic potential and cannot substitute for SN biopsy. LYVE-1 immunostaining can detect melanoma cells within lymphatics, but is unreliable in predicting melanoma metastasis, failing to detect metastatic spread in more than two thirds of patients with regional node metastasis.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2004

Syringotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: an immunophenotypic and genotypic study of five cases.

There is uncertainty about the exact nosological relationship between mycosis fungoides, follicular mucinosis, syringolymphoid hyperplasia with alopecia (SLHA) and syringotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). We report the clinical, histological, immunophenotypic and genotypic characteristics of a series of five patients (three men and two women) with syringotropic CTCL. We also review the 15 cases of SLHA previously reported in the literature. We conclude that syringotropic CTCL is a distinct clinicopathological variant of mycosis fungoides which may present on its own with characteristic punctate erythema or more commonly in association with folliculotropic lesions. Syringotropic CTCL is characterized histologically by infiltration of sweat glands by atypical lymphocytes in association with syringolymphoid hyperplasia. Cases of SLHA represent a syringotropic form of CTCL in association with follicular involvement, and such cases need to be investigated using T-cell receptor gene analysis of both skin and blood. Only limited conclusions on prognosis can be derived from our preliminary data. However, a review of the literature suggests that the prognosis does not differ significantly from other types of mycosis fungoides of equivalent stage.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

BCL2 and JUNB abnormalities in primary cutaneous lymphomas.

BACKGROUND: BCL2 is upregulated in nodal and extranodal B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, with a consequent antiapoptotic effect. However, loss of BCL2 has also been noted in some malignancies, suggesting a different molecular pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES: To investigate genomic and protein expression status of BCL2 and to compare the results with that of JUNB in primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCLs). METHODS: We analysed gene copy number of BCL2 and JUNB in 88 DNA samples from 80 patients with PCL consisting of Sézary syndrome/mycosis fungoides (SS/MF), primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (PCBCL) and primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (C-ALCL) by the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Real-time PCR and IHC findings were subsequently compared with the results of additional fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of 23 cases of SS and Affymetrix cDNA expression microarray study of two primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cell lines. RESULTS: Real-time PCR analysis showed loss of BCL2 gene copy number in 22 of 80 PCL cases (28%), including 17 of 42 SS/MF, three of 13 C-ALCL and two of 33 PCBCL samples, and gain of BCL2 in four PCBCL samples. Gain of JUNB was identified in 18 of 71 PCL cases (25%), including nine of 35 SS/MF, seven of 13 C-ALCL and two of 31 PCBCL samples. IHC analysis revealed absent nuclear expression of BCL2 protein in 47 of 73 PCL cases, comprising 28 of 36 SS/MF, eight of eight C-ALCL and 11 of 29 PCBCL cases. In contrast, BCL2 protein expression was detected in 26 of 73 PCL cases, consisting of 18 of 29 PCBCL and eight of 36 SS/MF cases. JUNB protein expression was present in tumour cells from 30 of 33 of SS/MF and eight of eight C-ALCL, and was absent in tumour cells from 18 of 27 PCBCL cases. A comparison between BCL2 and JUNB revealed loss of BCL2 and gain of JUNB in five of 35 SS/MF samples, and expression of JUNB protein and absent BCL2 expression in 25 SS/MF and eight of eight C-ALCL cases. In contrast, expression of BCL2 and absent JUNB expression were detected in 67% of PCBCL cases. Additional FISH analysis revealed deletion of BCL2 in 19 of 23 SS cases (83%), including eight cases with BCL2 loss shown by real-time PCR. Furthermore, Affymetrix expression microarray demonstrated decreased expression of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes involved in BCL2 signalling pathways such as BOK, BIM, HRK, RASA1 and STAT2 in two CTCL cell lines with BCL2 loss and absent BCL2 expression. Increased expression of JUNB was also identified in the MF cell line. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a comprehensive assessment of BCL2 and JUNB status in PCL, and suggest that there is a selection pressure in a subset of CTCL cases for tumour cells showing BCL2 loss and upregulation of JUNB primarily through chromosomal deletion and amplification, respectively.

Genes, bcl-2↗
PubMed2003

Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular analysis of six patients.

BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a rare cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the World Health Organization classification of T-cell and natural killer cell lymphoma it is listed as an example of extranodal lymphoma. In practice, however, it is most likely to present to a dermatologist. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinicopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular features of six U.K. patients with SPTCL. METHODS: The clinical, histological and immunophenotypic features were reviewed. T-cell receptor (TCR) gene analysis was performed on blood and tissue samples using polymerase chain reaction/single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis of the TCR-gamma gene using consensus primers. In situ hybridization was performed on lesional skin to detect mRNA for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). RESULTS: All patients presented with subcutaneous nodules, plaques or ulceration, and three had systemic symptoms. All biopsies exhibited an infiltrate of medium to large pleomorphic cells involving the subcutis with characteristic rimming of fat spaces. Five showed areas of necrosis, but only one showed marked cytophagia. In three cases the neoplastic cells did not express TCR-beta. One was strongly p53 positive, and the other two were CD56 positive. Both these patients showed epidermal involvement with lichenoid changes histologically, and both developed the haemophagocytic syndrome. The other three cases were TCR-beta positive, CD8 positive and CD56 negative. All cases were positive with pan T-cell markers and also for the cytotoxic granule protein T-cell intracellular antigen-1 and granzyme B. All cases were EBV negative both by immunostaining (latent membrane protein-1) and by in situ hybridization (EBV-encoded mRNA). TCR gene analysis revealed a T-cell clone in four of five cases; two of these patients had an identical T-cell clone in the peripheral blood. The median survival was 16 months. However, two of the three TCR-beta-negative patients have died, whereas none of the TCR-beta-positive patients has died. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first series of SPTCL patients to be reported in the U.K. and the data support the view that there are two subsets of SPTCL: those derived from gammadelta T cells which carry a poor prognosis, and are usually CD56 positive, and a more indolent group derived from alphabeta T cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Local and systemic expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in a patient with familial glomangioma.

Glomangiomas are rare cutaneous tumours composed of glomus cells, which are modified smooth muscle cells. The aetiology of this condition is thought to involve a mutation in a novel gene acting to regulate angiogenesis. We report a patient from a large family with three generations affected by familial multiple glomangiomas. We hypothesized that the growth factors basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, which stimulate/regulate angiogenesis could be involved in the pathogenesis of these lesions. Therefore, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunohistochemistry, respectively, we measured systemic and tissue levels of these growth factors in a patient with familial glomangiomas. In addition, we investigated endothelial mitogenicity of the patient's serum as a functional assay of systemic growth factor activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Serum S100 concentrations are not useful in predicting micrometastatic disease in cutaneous malignant melanoma.

BACKGROUND: S100 protein is an acidic calcium binding protein that is expressed by melanoma cells. Elevated serum values of S100 have been described in metastatic disease and it has been suggested that it may be used as an adjunct to staging and monitoring of treatment. Micrometastatic disease in the sentinel lymph node can be demonstrated by sentinel node biopsy (SNB) and the sentinel node status is known to be the most important predictor of relapse. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether serum S100 concentrations could predict the presence of micrometastatic disease. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with primary cutaneous melanoma > 1 mm were recruited from referrals to the Melanoma clinic. All patients had serum S100 concentrations evaluated prior to undergoing SNB. Serum S100 concentrations were established using an immunoluminometric method. Sentinel nodes were identified using a dual technique with both radiolabelled colloid (residual from preoperative lymphoscintigraphy) and blue dye according to the MD Anderson Cancer Center protocol. Results Nine of these 31 patients had evidence of micrometastatic disease on SNB. The mean serum S100 concentration of those with positive SNBs was 0.027 microg L-1 compared with 0.045 microg x L(-1) in patients with negative SNBs (normal < 0.14 microg x L(-1)). No patient in the study demonstrated raised concentrations of serum S100. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that serum S100 concentrations do not predict the presence of micrometastatic melanoma in sentinel nodes in primary cutaneous melanoma.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2001

Absence of the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation in primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: The t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocation is found in the majority of nodal follicular lymphomas and in a lower percentage of systemic high-grade diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. The translocation results in the juxtaposition of the bcl-2 gene on chromosome 18 with the immunoglobulin heavy chain joining region on chromosome 14. Bcl-2 protein prevents apoptosis and the translocation leads to overexpression of a functionally normal Bcl-2 protein that prevents apoptosis of neoplastic cells. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to analyse cases of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (PCBCL) for the presence of the t(14;18) translocation and to correlate the results with Bcl-2 expression and histological subtype. METHODS: Forty-four cutaneous B-cell lymphoid proliferations (36 PCBCL, four follicular B-cell lymphomas with cutaneous presentation and four reactive B-cell infiltrates) were analysed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using consensus primers for the joining region on the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene in combination with either a primer for the major breakpoint region (MBR) or the minor cluster region (mcr) on chromosome 18. RESULTS: None of 36 PCBCL analysed demonstrated a t(14;18) translocation; however, three of four systemic follicular B-cell lymphomas presenting in the skin were found to have a translocation in the MBR, which was confirmed by sequence analysis. Correlation with Bcl-2 immunostaining showed that of seven patients with high-grade cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, four were Bcl-2 positive but had no evidence of a t(14;18) translocation. In the five cases classified as primary cutaneous follicle centre cell lymphoma, the neoplastic cells within the germinal centres failed to express Bcl-2. However, Bcl-2-positive neoplastic cells were present in all four cases of systemic follicular lymphoma, including the case that did not show a t(14;18) translocation. In all cases of marginal zone lymphoma the marginal zone lymphocytes were Bcl-2 positive. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the t(14;18) translocation does not occur in PCBCL, which suggests the involvement of different pathogenetic mechanisms compared with their nodal counterparts. Furthermore, the detection of a t(14;18) translocation in cutaneous B-cell lymphoma should suggest the presence of systemic disease, which underlies the need for exhaustive staging procedures.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14↗
PubMed2001

Pseudocarcinomatous change in lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 6 patients.

We report 6 cases of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) mimicking squamous cell carcinoma in association with an atypical CD30+ dermal infiltrate. Three patients had lymphomatoid papulosis type A, and 3 patients had cutaneous CD30+ lymphoma. All 6 cases showed histologic evidence of PEH with keratinocyte atypia. In 4 cases there was significant atypia to prompt a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. Three of these received treatment with wide local excision and 2 had been engrafted. Immunohistochemical staining for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) showed similar expression in lesional and perilesional skin. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression by the proliferating epithelium was similar to that of the suprabasal adjacent normal epidermis. There was no aberrant expression of EGF, TGF-alpha, and EGFR by atypical lymphocytes. These cases demonstrate that PEH associated with CD30+ lymphoproliferative disease may closely resemble squamous cell carcinoma, thereby leading to inappropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

CD8-positive juvenile onset mycosis fungoides: an immunohistochemical and genotypic analysis of six cases.

BACKGROUND: Childhood cases of cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma have not been well described. OBJECTIVES: We have undertaken an immunohistochemical and genotypic analysis of patients presenting with juvenile onset mycosis fungoides (MF). PATIENTS/METHODS: Of 10 patients presenting over a 3-year period, six exhibited a CD8-positive phenotype. These six patients were also CD2, CD3 and TIA1 positive, but CD56 negative. Apart from the cytotoxic phenotype, these patients had clinicopathological features that were indistinguishable from ordinary cases of MF, with slowly evolving patches and plaques. Three patients were staged as 1A and three as 1B, with no evidence of nodal or systemic disease. RESULTS: Patients responded well to conventional therapy, with no evidence of disease progression after 3 years follow-up. Epidermotropism was a prominent feature in four of the six cytotoxic cases. In two patients with an equivocal histology the diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of a clonal population, using polymerase chain reaction/single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of the T-cell receptor gamma gene in lesional skin. The same technique revealed that all blood samples analysed were polyclonal. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma can pursue an indolent course and that cases of CD8-positive MF may be over-represented in childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic lymphatic leukaemia: two cases with contrasting aggressive and indolent behaviour.

The term Richter's syndrome is used to describe the transformation of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) into a high-grade systemic lymphoma and is associated with a poor prognosis. We have undertaken detailed molecular studies in two patients with cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL) and CLL. Patient 1 exhibited a low-grade CBCL with different immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in blood and skin. By contrast, patient 2 showed identical gene rearrangements, confirmed by gene sequencing, and died within 4 months of presentation. The latter patient fulfilled the criteria for a diagnosis of cutaneous Richter's syndrome, whereas the former patient demonstrated the coincidence of CLL with a primary CBCL. Our results highlight the importance of gene rearrangement studies with sequencing for the accurate diagnosis of cutaneous Richter's syndrome.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

A clinicopathological study of the effects of topical retinyl propionate cream in skin photoageing.

The clinical and histological effects of retinyl propionate cream (a retinyl ester) on extrinsic skin ageing (photo-ageing) in man were assessed in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of 80 subjects, individual parameters of this being assessed for each treatment site (face, dorsal right forearm and hand, dorsal left forearm and hand) at intervals throughout the study, while skin surface replicas from sites of fine wrinkling around the eye and skin biopsies from the dorsal right forearm were also regularly reviewed throughout. Seventy-five subjects completed an initial 24-week study period, following which 60 elected to continue for a further 24 weeks. Although minimal trends towards improvement occurred, no statistically significant differences between the effects of the retinyl propionate cream and the placebo preparation were apparent for any of the clinical, histological or profilometric parameters of skin photoageing; however, in the very few subjects affected, actinic keratoses in the active group were reduced virtually to zero by week 48.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1998

Scalloped cell xanthogranuloma.

AIMS: We describe nine cases of scalloped cell xanthogranuloma, a distinct solitary variant of non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this retrospective clinicopathological study scalloped cell xanthogranuloma mostly occurred on the back or head and neck of young adult males diagnosed as a xanthogranuloma, naevus, or basal cell carcinoma. Histology characteristically revealed a sheet-like infiltrate of predominantly scalloped histiocytes (> 79% of all cell types) in the upper dermis. Other mononuclear (vacuolated, xanthomatized, spindle-shaped, oncocytic) and multinucleate (foreign body, ground glass and Touton) histiocytes were also regularly seen. Immunohistochemically, all cases exhibited a macrophage/dendritic cell lineage positive with KP1 (CD68), KiM1p, HAM 56 and factor XIIIa. Ultrastructurally, numerous intracytoplasmic dense, occasionally also myeloid bodies were present. No associated systemic disease, hyperlipidaemia or recurrence were seen during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are similar to those of early lesions of xanthoma disseminatum: thus, scalloped cell xanthogranuloma could be regarded as a solitary counterpart of xanthoma disseminatum, and, moreover, fits neatly into a unifying concept of non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The use of immunostaining for bcl-2 and CD34 and the lectin peanut agglutinin in differentiating between basal cell carcinomas and trichoepitheliomas.

Fifteen unequivocal basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and ten unequivocal trichoepitheliomas (TE) were studied using the lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA), and the monoclonal antibodies Q bend 10 and bcl-2 oncoprotein directed against the antigens CD34 and bcl-2, respectively, to see whether these markers could be used to differentiate between the two tumors. Ten percent of TE demonstrated a continuous band-like peritumorous staining with PNA and 80% demonstrated a discontinuous band-like peritumorous staining with PNA, with the comparable figures for BCC being 40% and 20%, respectively. In addition, 40% of BCC showed focal areas of pemphigus-like staining in contrast with only 10% of TE. Using the antibody directed against bcl-2, TE demonstrated weak staining mainly confined to the basal layer of tumor cells in 20% of cases and staining of the cells throughout the tumor in 30% of cases. Similarly, BCC also showed staining of the basal layer of tumor cells in 7% of specimens and staining of cells throughout the tumor mass in 40% of specimens studied. Finally, with the antibody Q bend 10 directed against CD34, staining of the immediate peritumoral spindle-shaped cells was observed in 20% of TE compared with 7% of BCC. Despite reports in the literature, we found that none of these three markers can be reliably used to differentiate between TE and BCC.

Antigens, CD34↗
PubMed1998

Lymphomatoid papulosis in association with mycosis fungoides: a study of 15 cases.

We report clinical findings in 15 patients with lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) associated with mycosis fungoides (MF). LyP either preceded (n = 4), followed (n = 5) or occurred concurrently with the MF lesions (n = 6). Twenty-eight LyP lesions were classified histologically and analysed further with immunostaining for CD3 and CD30. Five biopsies contained a predominance of type A cells, six biopsies contained a predominance of type B cells. and six were mixed (A + B). However, 11 biopsies contained a population of atypical mononuclear cells with large hyperchromatic nuclei that we have termed indeterminate cells. These cells contained a thin rim of eosinophilic cytoplasm and showed strong CD30 but absent, faint or normal CD3 staining. In seven biopsies from five separate patients these cells represented the predominant cell type and we have termed this the pleomorphic variant of LyP. Analysis of T-cell receptor genes using Southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction/single strand conformational polymorphism analysis identified a T-cell clone in six of 16 LyP lesions and nine of 16 MF lesions. In the three patients who had clones in both types of skin lesions, the clones were identical. Only two of 10 blood samples, both of which were from the same patient, had a T-cell clone and none of two lymph nodes showed evidence of a clonal population. To date all patients are alive with a median follow-up of 15 years from the onset of the first lesion. One patient has developed Lin anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the nasopharynx. These data augment the current literature on the association of LyP and MF and suggest that the

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses. A new unifying concept.

Based on our series of 111 cases of non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses, we present a new unifying concept for this rare group of disorders. The common denominator is the monocyte/ macrophage, which presents with various histologic features probably due to the influence of cytokines. Non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses are classified according to the predominant mononuclear (vacuolated, spindle-shaped, xanthomatized, scalloped, and oncocytic) and/or multinucleate (Touton, ground-glass appearance, Langhans, and foreign body) histiocytic cell types. Variable mixtures of these cell types produce common polymorphous patterns with prominence of vacuolated, spindle-shaped, and xanthomatized histiocytes in juvenile xanthogranulomas and of scalloped and oncocytic histiocytes in adult xanthogranulomas. Rarely, unusual monomorphous reaction patterns are observed: mostly vacuolated histiocytes are seen in the mononuclear variant of xanthogranulomas, (early benign cephalic histiocytosis, and generalized eruptive histiocytoma. Xanthomatized histiocytes predominate papular xanthoma and rarely xanthoma disseminatum, whereas spindle-shaped histiocytes are evident in spindle cell xanthogranuloma and progressive nodular histiocytosis, scalloped histiocytes are evident in most cases of xanthoma disseminatum, and finally oncocytic histiocytes are evident in reticulohistiocytoma and multicentric histiocytosis. Immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and clinical findings can rationally be adjusted to this unifying concept of non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses. The time course of lesions, the age of the patients, and the presence or absence of underlying internal diseases are, or may, at least partially, be related to and thus explain variations on the theme of the non-Langerhans cell histiocytic reaction.

Giant Cells↗
PubMed1995

Solitary and generalized variants of spindle cell xanthogranuloma (progressive nodular histiocytosis).

Twelve cases of solitary spindle cell xanthogranuloma, seven of which had originally been misdiagnosed as dermatofibroma/benign fibrous histiocytoma, were clinicopathologically compared with four cases of progressive nodular histiocytosis, a rare generalized non-X histiocytic disorder. Clinically, a single brown-yellowish papule or nodule is characteristic of solitary spindle cell xanthogranuloma, multiple generalized lesions of progressive nodular histiocytosis. Solitary spindle cell xanthogranuloma occurs with decreasing frequency on the head, neck, upper trunk, or occasionally the extremities of young adults (aged 20-40 years), progressive nodular histiocytosis mostly on the trunk of older patients (aged 40-60 years), both without sex predilection. Histologically, both entities are characterized by predominance (> 90%) of spindle-shaped histiocytes arranged in a storiform pattern. Other mononuclear (vacuolated, xanthomatized, scalloped, oncocytic) and multinucleate (Touton) histiocytes are also regularly seen. Immunohistochemically, both entities exhibit a macrophage/dendritic cell lineage positive for KP1/Ki-M1p (CD68), HAM 56 and factor XIIIa as well as for smooth muscle specific actin and HHF35. Ultrastructurally, dense, regularly laminated, myeloid or pleomorphic cytoplasmic inclusions may be found, but no Birbeck granules are present. This study documents that both solitary spindle cell xanthogranuloma and progressive nodular histiocytosis are distinct entities within the spectrum of a xanthogranulomatous reaction characterized by predominance of spindle-shaped histiocytes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Immunostaining for CD31 and CD34 in Kaposi sarcoma.

AIMS: To evaluate antibodies directed against CD31 (JC70/A) and CD34 (QBEND/10 and anti-HPCA-1) more extensively in Kaposi sarcoma; to assess their value in routine diagnosis; and to compare them with the traditional endothelial cell markers Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA-1) and factor VIII related antigen. METHODS: Twenty four cases of Kaposi sarcoma were studied retrospectively. All specimens had been fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin wax. The antibodies were applied using the Streptavidin biotin technique in all cases except for UEA-1, for which an indirect two stage method was used involving peroxidase conjugated anti-ulex as the secondary antibody. RESULTS: Tumours were classified into those showing angiomatoid or lymphangiomatoid elements and spindle cell lesions. Universal labelling of all lesions and virtually all elements within lesions was seen with the anti-CD34 antibodies QBEND/10 and HPCA-1. Labelling of spindle cells was less consistent with JC70/A but both markers were superior to the traditional endothelial cell markers UEA-1 and factor VIII related antigen. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm that Kaposi sarcoma is a tumour of endothelial cell origin. They shed further light on the histogenesis of this complex tumour and demonstrate that immunostaining for CD34 and CD31 can be used as an aid to diagnosis in routinely processed tissue.

Antigens, CD34↗