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Biomedical subjects

G Pilu

Publications and source records attributed to G Pilu.

87 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Antenatal recognition of cerebral anomalies.

Modern ultrasound equipments allow a detailed investigation of the fetal brain from a very early stage of development. Congenital anomalies arising from or involving the central nervous system can be accurately predicted. On the basis of their personal experience, which includes 48 cases, and of a review of the current literature, the authors discuss criteria for the intrauterine diagnosis and obstetrical management of intracranial anomalies such as hydrocephalus, holoprosencephaly, cephaloceles, porencephaly, hydranencephaly, and microcephaly.

Brain↗
PubMed1986

Prenatal diagnosis of central nervous system abnormalities.

The ultrasound diagnosis of normal and abnormal development of the fetal central nervous system (CNS) is briefly reviewed. Seventy-nine cases of CNS anomalies seen between 1982 and 1985 are also tabulated. The importance of an accurate diagnosis and its relevance to obstetric management is stressed.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMed1986

Prenatal diagnosis of cardiac structural abnormalities.

The history of antenatal diagnosis of congenital cardiac defects using ultrasound is briefly reviewed. A series of 277 pregnancies were prospectively examined; 203 were normal and 19 diagnosis of congenital heart disease were made. A correct diagnosis of the anomaly was made in 14 cases and the diagnosis was partially correct in 4 cases. There was 1 false-positive.

Echocardiography↗
PubMed1986

The fetal subarachnoid cisterns: an ultrasound study with report of a case of congenital communicating hydrocephalus.

The intracranial anatomy of 351 normal fetuses, ranging from 15 to 42 weeks' gestational age, was investigated sonographically in an attempt to define the normal sonographic anatomy of the subarachnoid spaces during intrauterine development. The triangular velum, vein of Galen, ambient, interpeduncular, chiasmatic, Sylvian, and supracerebellar cisterns and the cisterna magna were easily recognized in the vast majority of cases as fluid-filled spaces following the contour of the brain. A large fluid layer, overlying the cerebral convexities, was seen in early gestation and subsequently disappeared. Evaluation of the subarachnoid cisterns in a fetus with ventriculomegaly allowed the prenatal diagnosis of communicating hydrocephalus. Knowledge of the normal sonographic anatomy of the subarachnoid spaces is useful both in avoiding misinterpretation of the normal sonogram and in the differential diagnosis of congenital hydrocephalus.

Cisterna Magna↗
PubMed1986

Antenatal diagnosis and obstetric management of Dandy-Walker syndrome.

Real-time ultrasound equipment has the potential for investigating the fetal neural axis and allows the diagnosis of many anomalies arising from this area. Five cases of Dandy-Walker syndrome, one of the major causes of congenital hydrocephalus, were diagnosed antenatally. In all cases ultrasound allowed specific recognition of the defect in the cerebellar vermis. This defect connected the fourth ventricle to a posterior fossa cyst in four cases and to an occipital meningocele in one case. In three cases the diagnosis was made prior to viability, and the parents elected termination of pregnancy. In two cases recognized in the third trimester, neurosurgical care was provided soon after delivery.

Brain↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of cerebral blood flow changes by transfontanelle Doppler ultrasound in infantile hydrocephalus.

Doppler ultrasound investigation of cerebral blood flow velocity was performed in hydrocephalic infants through the anterior fontanelle. Systolic (S) and end-diastolic (D) frequency values recorded on the anterior cerebral artery were used to define the pulsatility index (PI) calculated from the equation PI=S-D/S. Comparison between systolic, end-diastolic and pulsatility index values of 50 normal infants and 10 hydrocephalic infants showed a statistically significant difference (P less than 0.05) for systolic and pulsatility index values. However, no significant difference was found for end-diastolic values. The authors believe that the phenomenon could be explained as an increase of the cerebrovascular compliance which counteracts the increase of the perivascular pressure in an attempt to maintain a normal cerebral blood flow. Therefore, the transfontanelle Doppler ultrasound technique may provide a useful and early tool in diagnosing cerebral blood-flow changes in hydrocephalic infants.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1984

Pelvic organs in premenarcheal girls: real-time ultrasonography.

Age-related changes in uterine and ovarian morphology and size were studied in 114 normal premenarcheal girls using a real-time mechanical sector scanner. Reference growth values were obtained for total uterine length, anteroposterior diameters of the corpus and cervix, corpus/cervix ratio, and uterine and ovarian volumes. Up to 7 years of age uterine size was not influenced by age and there was a relative predominance of the cervix over the corpus. Thereafter the uterus underwent a regular increase in size and the corpus gradually became larger than the cervix. Ovarian volume was relatively stable up to 5 years, when regular age-related growth started, associated with an increase in cystic functional changes in the ovary. As uterine and ovarian morphology and size are reliable indicators of the degree of sex-hormone stimulation, real-time ultrasound offers a rapid method of studying normal and abnormal pubertal development in girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Ultrasound monitoring of ovarian follicular development: a comparison real-time and static scanning techniques.

Follicular growth was monitored in 19 patients during 20 spontaneous and induced cycles by different examiners in a blind trial using a real-time linear array, a mechanical sector scanner, and a gray scale compound scanner. This was done to compare the efficacy of different ultrasound equipment in the study of ovarian cycle. The mean maximum follicular diameter was calculated with each equipment and the quality of follicular images was classified as poor, sufficient, and good as defined in the study. The overall best results in ovary and follicle visualization were achieved with the real-time sector scanner. Measurements of the same dominant follicle using realtime and compound scanners were highly correlated (linear array/compound scanner: r = 0.894, p less than 0.001; sector/compound scanner: r = 0.928, p less than 0.001). Following ovulation, some unexpected differences in the distribution of the postovulatory patterns were noted with each instrument. Except in difficult patients, real-time examination, preferably performed using a sector scanner, appears to be the optimal first ultrasonic approach for monitoring follicular growth.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancy.

Among 1041 pregnancies 13 twin gestations were detected by routine ultrasonography prior to genetic amniocentesis at the Department of Prenatal Physiopathology of the University of Bologna. Clear amniotic fluid from both sacs was obtained in 12 of 13 sets of twins. All 12 sets were cytogenetically normal with normal levels of alpha-fetoprotein. Only one patient spontaneously aborted liveborn immature twins 30 days after the procedure. The technique used to obtain samples of fluid is described in detail and the need for additional counselling prior to amniocentesis in twins is stressed.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prenatal diagnosis of endocardial fibroelastosis.

In a case of fetal heart failure caused by endocardial fibroelastosis, prenatal echocardiography clearly demonstrated a thickened endocardium. We therefore suggest that an abnormal endocardium may be detected in utero by ultrasound, thus representing an important clue in the differential diagnosis of fetal nonimmune hydrops and in the evaluation of pregnancies at risk for endocardial fibroelastosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ultrasonographic appearance of the mega cisterna magna in the newborn.

The mega cisterna magna is a congenital developmental malformation which in the majority of instances is symptomless and does not require further study or surgical treatment. However, differential diagnosis with other cerebellar diseases is often necessary especially in newborn infants. Ultrasonographic recognition of the mega cisterna magna in a newborn infant is reported. The reported case demonstrates the usefulness of the ultrasonographic technique in the study of the posterior cranial fossa abnormalities of newborn infants.

Cisterna Magna↗