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Biomedical subjects

G Power

Publications and source records attributed to G Power.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

Kinetics of spontaneous change in the localized motions of D-sorbitol glass.

The dielectric relaxation spectra of D-sorbitol glass have been studied in real time during annealing at 221.1 K, which is 47 K below its T(g) of 268 K. As the glass structurally relaxes during annealing, features of the Johari-Goldstein (JG) relaxation change with time: (i) the relaxation strength decreases, (ii) the relaxation peak at 48 Hz shifts to a higher frequency, and (iii) the relaxation spectra become narrower. All seem to follow the relation p proportional, variant exp[-(kt)(n)], where p is the magnitude of a property, k the rate constant, and t the time. The parameter n may well be less than 1, but this could not be ascertained. It is proposed that shift of the relaxation peak to a higher frequency and narrowing of the relaxation spectra occur when local, loosely packed regions of molecules in the glass structure collapse nonuniformly and the relaxation time of some of the molecules in the collapsed state becomes too long to contribute to the JG-relaxation spectra. Consequently, the half width of the spectra decreases, and the relaxation peak shifts to a higher frequency. Molecules whose diffusion becomes too slow after the local regions' collapse would contribute to the alpha-relaxation spectra and thus the net relaxation strength would increase on structural relaxation. It is argued that these findings conflict with the NMR-based conclusions that motion of all molecules in the glass and supercooled liquid contributes to the faster relaxation process.

Journal Article↗

Orientation polarization from faster motions in the ultraviscous and glassy diethyl phthalate and its entropy.

Dielectric spectra of the beta relaxation in glassy and ultraviscous liquid diethyl phthalate show that its relaxation strength Delta epsilon(beta), the distribution of times, and the relaxation rate are more sensitive to temperature T in the ultraviscous liquid than in the glassy state. The Delta epsilon(beta) against temperature plot has an elbow-shaped break near T(g) of approximately 181 K, which is remarkably similar to that observed in the entropy, enthalpy, and volume against temperature plots, and in the plot of Delta epsilon(beta) against the liquid's entropy minus its 0 K value. The ratio of Delta epsilon(beta) to diethyl phthalate's entropy, after subtracting the 0 K value, is 1.08 x 10(-3) mol K/J in the glassy state at 120.4 K, which decreases slowly to 0.81 x 10(-3) mol K/J at 176 K near T(g) and thereafter rapidly increases to 1.57 x 10(-3) mol K/J at 190 K. Variation in Delta epsilon(beta) parallels the variation of the entropy. A change in the activation energy of the beta process at T>T(g) indicates that its rate is also determined by the structure of the ultraviscous liquid. Features of beta relaxation are consistent with localized motions of molecules and may not involve small-angle motions of all molecules.

Journal Article↗

Protein contamination of the Laryngeal Mask Airway and its relationship to re-use.

The Laryngeal Mask Airway is a reusable device for maintaining the patency of a patient's airway during general anaesthesia. The device can be reused after it has been cleaned and sterilized. Protein contamination of medical instruments is a concern and has been found to occur despite standard sterilization techniques. The reason for the concern relates to the possibility of the transmission of prions and the risk of developing a neurodegenerative disorder such as Creutzveldt-Jacob disease. The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of protein contamination that occurs, and to relate this to the number of times the Laryngeal Mask Airway has been used. Fifty previously used Classic Laryngeal Masks were collected after routine sterilization and packaging. The devices were immersed in protein detecting stain and then visual inspection performed to assess the degree and distribution of the staining. The researcher was blinded to the number of times the Laryngeal Mask Airway had been used. Linear regression analysis of the degrees of staining of the airway revealed that protein contamination occurs after the first use of the device and this increases with each subsequent use. This finding highlights the concern that the currently used cleaning and sterilization methods do not prevent the accumulation of proteinaceous material on Laryngeal Mask Airways. Consideration should be given to the search for more efficient cleaning and sterilization techniques or the use of disposable devices.

Equipment Contamination↗

Dolphin Imaging Software: an analysis of the accuracy of cephalometric digitization and orthognathic prediction.

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the reproducibility and reliability of digitization using Dolphin Imaging Software (Version 8.0) with traditional manual techniques. In addition, orthognathic prediction was compared with actual outcomes. Sixty lateral cephalograms were evaluated by two methods: manual tracing and indirect digitization using Dolphin Imaging Software (Version 8.0). Method error (reliability) using duplicate measurements for each method, and comparison of both techniques (reproducibility), were investigated using alternative statistical methods, Bland and Altman (1986) and Lin's Correlation of Concordance (1989). Each technique was significantly reliable at the 95% level (method error). Comparing the standard deviations of the differences, manual tracing proving more reliable for SNA (1.36 degrees manually, 2.07 degrees digitally), SNB (1.19 degrees and 1.69 degrees ), SNMx (1.39 degrees and 2.66 degrees ), and MxMd (1.77 degrees and 2.26 degrees ), and Dolphin digital tracing more reliable for UIMx (3.49 degrees digitally and 3.97 degrees manually) and LIMd (2.90 degrees and 3.04 degrees ). However, systematic error in the software's calculation of LAFH% resulted in measurements 4% larger than manual techniques, a difference which is clinically significant. Comparison of actual outcome and software generated prediction for 26 orthognathic cases demonstrated clinically significant differences for all measurements (rhoc 0.32 for ANB to 0.91 for LIMd; P<0.05). The investigation revealed the impact of radiographic magnification when used in an uncalibrated system. These findings indicate that Version 8.0 of Dolphin Imaging Software needs to be re-assessed for software errors that may result in clinically significant miscalculations, and to facilitate compensation of radiographic magnification when using linear measurements.

Cephalometry↗

Johari-Goldstein relaxation and crystallization of sorbitol to ordered and disordered phases.

The equilibrium permittivity epsilon(s) and the dielectric relaxation spectra of supercooled liquid D-sorbitol were measured during its crystallization to orientationally disordered or ordered phases depending on the sample preparation procedure at several fixed temperatures up to a period of 6 days. The epsilon(s) measurements showed that when the sample was contaminated by a minute amount of crystals, it crystallized to an ordered phase. When the liquid was not contaminated, the sample crystallized to an orientationally disordered phase. When supercooled D-sorbitol was kept close to its T(g), its dielectric spectra did not change over a period of 138.5 h. It was found that the Johari-Goldstein (JG) relaxation rate of the orientationally disordered crystalline phase is higher in comparison with that of the supercooled liquid, the spectrum broader, and the relaxation strength lower. Its glasslike transition temperature is higher than T(g) of the liquid. The results on crystallization showed that the structural changes occurring at a temperature where the alpha relaxation emerges from the JG relaxation affects the crystallization kinetics of the liquid.

Journal Article↗

Managing ventilatory insufficiency and failure in a patient with kyphoscoliosis: a case study.

This article reports a case study of 'Sue', a 37 year old female who was transferred to a metropolitan hospital's intensive care unit in acute respiratory failure secondary to severe kyphoscoliosis (KS). KS is defined as a deformity of the spine involving both lateral displacement (scoliosis) and anteroposterior angulation (kyphosis). Over time, this anatomical distortion results in ventilatory insufficiency due to muscle weakness. Sue displayed a restrictive lung pattern, evidenced by a decreased vital capacity and tidal volume with severe nocturnal dyspnoea, resulting in raised carbon dioxide levels in arterial blood and decreased oxygenation. This paper reviews Sue's progress throughout her hospitalisation and examines the key issues involved in her care. Particular attention is given to specific problems encountered on the acute care ward related to oxygen delivery, tracheostomy care, non-invasive ventilation and rehabilitation. The paper highlights the increased acuity of respiratory ward patients who require the use of substantial technological support to optimise their management. Nurses working in these wards need specialised knowledge, excellent patient communication ability and well-developed technical skills. The trend is to treat patients with respiratory failure, either chronic or acute, on wards rather than in critical care units' which has promoted the development of a specialised role in respiratory nursing.

Adult↗

The relationship between work done and pulmonary function; validation of a method.

A two-stage bicycle exercise test with logarithmic intervals of load has been described, and the results reported in 760 patients. The test is now validated in a second group of 553 subjects. Performance data and FEV1 were available in all subjects and forced vital capacity in 366 of them. Regression equations of pulmonary function on work done stratified by sex and age were similar to those previously reported. Multiple regression showed that more than 57.8% of the variance could be explained in terms of vital capacity, height and age, with small contributions from weight and sex; with more than half being accounted for by vital capacity alone (R2 = 0.53). In an alternative equation predicted vital capacity, age (independently), percentage deficit of vital capacity below predicted, sex and weight/height2 explained 58.7% of the variance. In this approach, the percentage of vital capacity below predicted accounts for 25% of the variance after allowance for predicted vital capacity. It is confirmed that the first logarithmic stage of the test predicts a work rate that can be maintained for more than 5 minutes, producing a pulse rate of greater than 130 in two-thirds of the subjects. As the majority of those who failed to achieve this work rate had poor pulmonary function and were elderly, it is recommended that the second phase is set at a lower work load for these subjects.

Adult↗

Isolation of Pasteurella haemolytica from tonsillar biopsies of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep.

Isolations of Pasteurella haemolytica were compared from tonsillar biopsies versus nasal passages for 29 free-ranging Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) from central Idaho. Overall, P. haemolytica was isolated from 11 (38%) of 29 sheep. Two (18%) of the 11 positive samples were from only nasal passages compared to eight (73%) from tonsillar biopsies. Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T was isolated from tonsils of nine sheep and from nasal biopsies. Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T was isolated from tonsils of nine sheep and from nasal passages of only one sheep. Two sheep were positive for P. haemolytica biotype A from nasal passages. Culturing tonsillar biopsies as compared to nasal swab samples was a more reliable technique in detecting P. haemolytica, especially biotype T, in bighorn sheep.

Animals↗

Conjugative R plasmids in antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus causing nosocomial infections.

Increasing resistance to aminoglycoside antimicrobial agents in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was encountered in one hospital over a three-year period. Eleven of 16 isolates, selected to represent different time periods, transferred gentamicin resistance on filter membranes with transfer properties and restriction-enzyme analyses that were similar to pAM899-1, a self-transferable gentamicin plasmid previously isolated from Staphylococcus epidermidis within the same hospital. Self-transferable gentamicin R plasmids were demonstrated in isolates from six other nosocomial environments as early as 1974 and, though showing different restriction-enzyme digests, were highly related to pAM899-1 on the basis of Southern hybridization. These recently recognized, self-transferable plasmids seem to share a common evolutionary background and are important contributors to the increased resistance encountered in nosocomial staphylococci.

Conjugation, Genetic↗

Fluid shift across the placenta: I. The effect of dextran T 40 in the isolated guinea-pig placenta.

In an effort to understand better the transplacental water flux induced by osmotic forces, 17 near-term guinea-pig placentae were perfused on both sides with an artificial cell-free fluid containing dextran. Maternal and fetal arterial inflow rates were kept constant by syringe pumps and inflow and outflow pressures were recorded continuously. Precise measurements of outflow rates were made by weight determination and transplacental fluid shifts calculated by weight changes during placental passage. The content of dextran T 40 in the perfusion fluid was altered in stepwise manner from 0 to 60 to 120 g/l, and the effects of all possible combinations of fetal--maternal concentration differences on the transplacental fluid shift were observed. On the average, about 1 X 10(-3) ml/min/g placenta was moved per 1 g/l concentration difference. In two experiments venous colloid osmotic pressures were recorded continuously. In ten experiments the oncotic fluid shift was counterbalanced by an additional hydrostatic pressure difference; an average 1 mmHg hydrostatic pressure counterbalancing 15 g/l of dextran concentration osmotic force. The calculated hydraulic conductance, Lp, was approximately 0.017 ml/min/mmHg/g and the reflection coefficient, s, for dextran T 40 was 0.1. Both parameters characterize the isolated guinea-pig placenta as leaky.

Animals↗