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Biomedical subjects

G R Newell

Publications and source records attributed to G R Newell.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Cancer control and the older person. Prevention and detection in older persons.

Older persons are appropriate targets for a range of prevention and early detection interventions, however, greater emphasis should be given to structuring the delivery of prevention and detection services to the special needs of this population. This may require research and program development to reach older persons in the most effective and cost-effective manner. The American Cancer Society and other program efforts must accommodate the heterogeneity and special needs of segments of the older population. Racial and cultural minorities, impoverished persons, the cognitively impaired, and the physically impaired are four groups requiring special attention. Early detection guidelines specific to older persons should be developed.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Familial patterns of prostate cancer: a case-control analysis.

Epidemiological data have not yet enabled physicians to look beyond age and race to identify men at increased risk for prostate cancer. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study of familial patterns of prostate cancer with self-reported data from a risk-factor questionnaire. There were 385 patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer, and 385 race and age-matched (+/- 5 years) controls with other cancers. Family history, available for 378 patients and 383 controls, was positive for prostate cancer in 13.0% versus 5.7%, respectively. The difference was significant at p = 0.01. The over-all age-adjusted risk estimate for men with a first-degree relative with prostate cancer was significantly elevated (odds ratio of 2.41), as were the individual risk estimates for having a father or brother with prostate cancer (odds ratio of 2.24 and 2.66). Having a second-degree relative (grandfather or uncle) with prostate cancer also conferred elevated but not statistically significant risk. These data accord well with the few previously published case-control studies of familiarity of prostate cancer. On the basis of these findings, one should consider recommending participation in early detection programs for prostate cancer in a man whose father or brother has had the disease.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Risk profiles of women with cervical neoplasia.

Risk-factor profiles were compared in M.D. Anderson Cancer Center patients with various uterine cervix histologic diagnoses. Intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 171) and condyloma (n = 82) were associated with significantly lower patient age (mean 23.6 and 25.8 years, respectively). In addition, these two groups were lowest in annual income, age at beginning intercourse and at first pregnancy, and highest in percentages of black and Hispanic patients, number of sexual partners, and history of gonorrhea. Women with squamous carcinoma in situ (n = 47), who were about a decade older, exhibited a similar socioeconomic distribution and sexual history. All three groups also reported high prevalences of current smokers, were most likely to use oral contraceptives, and were least likely to use diaphragms or condoms. Patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma (n = 77) had a mean age of 46.3 years, a large lowest-income constituency, and the highest mean number of pregnancies; they were least likely to have used oral contraceptives. Adenocarcinoma (n = 21) was epidemiologically distinct: a predominance of white woman characterized by high socioeconomic status, elevated body mass index, and non of the liberal sexual practices of the other groups. Primary and secondary prevention strategies must be tailored to the unique needs and socioeconomic status of the young at-risk populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Funding impact of the National Cancer Act and beyond.

During the seven years following passage of the National Cancer Act of 1971, the appropriation for the National Cancer Institute (NCI) was increased by nearly $700 million. A major effect of the Act has been increased funding for grants-in-aid, which rose from $93 million in fiscal year (FY) 1970 to over $416 million in FY 1978. Grants programs account for over 60% of the total N. CI extramural research budget and are divided into four broad categories; research; training (including fellowships); cancer control; and construction. For the first 4 years following passage of the Act, funding for all grants programs increased dramatically. However, growth began to slow in 1976, and the deceleration is continuing. Total NCI obligations for FY 1978 increased at a rate of 7% (as opposed to an increase of 20.3% in FY 1975), which merely managed to keep pace with the estimated Biomedical Inflation Factor of 6.8%. Traditional grants have more than doubled in average cost over the past 10 years, a growth attributable to inflation, more sophisticated and expensive equipment and supplies, and, in some cases, more ambitious projects. The principal types of research grants include: traditional, investigator-initiated research; program projects, a team approach directed toward a common goal; and "core" support used to fund administrative and shared equipment costs of cancer centers. In FY 1977, the actual number of traditional grants awarded declined for the first time in 7 years, while the number of applications for both new and renewal grants increased at an unprecedented rate. Coincidentally, the number of traditional grants awarded this fiscal year increased by 4%, enabling the figure to exactly match that in 1978. While support for traditional grants has remained in the forefront of NCI funding, money for program projects and core support has increased at a greater rate in recent years. However, unlike the years immediately following the Act, emphasis is now being placed on core support (which increased by 9.4% in FY 1978) and program project grants (up 5.1%), as opposed to the exploratory grants necessary to initiate cancer centers. Funds allocated for construction in the wake of the Act are now being reduced, as the pace of development of new centers begins to slow. Although the number of grant awards has decreased, young investigators (35 years old or younger) continued to receiving a significant share of NCI funds, and, in fact, are faring better than older investigators in terms of recommendation, previously referred to as "approval," and award rates. Awards to foreign scientists increased steadily after the Act, achieving their greatest dollar increase ever in FY 1977; in FY 1978, however, they declined by more than 6%. As part of the NCI reorganization plan instituted by NCI Director Arthur C...

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1978

Special report on Laetrile: the NCI Laetrile Review. Results of the National Cancer Institute's retrospective Laetrile analysis.

The National Cancer Institute, in response to widespread public interest, undertook a retrospective analysis of Laetrile treatment. Only cases thought to have shown objective benefit from Laetrile were solicited by mail request to 385,000 physicians and 70,000 other health professionals and by direct contact with pro-Laetrile groups. Although it is estimated that at least 70,000 Americans have used Laetrile, only 93 cases were submitted for evaluation. Twenty-six of these Laetrile cases had to be eliminated because of insufficient documentation, and an equal number of conventionally treated cases selected from the institute's files were added to the records to be analyzed. A panel of 12 oncologists, who had no knowledge of the actual treatments given, was then asked to evaluate the results of 160 courses of treatment (68 Laetrile, 68 chemotherapy, 24 "no treatment") in the abstracted records from 93 patients. The panel judged six Laetrile courses to have produced a response (two complete and four partial). These results allow no definite conclusions supporting the anti-cancer activity of Laetrile. The National Cancer Institute will use the data in deciding if further study is needed.

Amygdalin↗
PubMed1977

United States-Japan cooperative cancer research program.

The formalization of long-standing cooperative joint research efforts between Japanese and U.S. scientists has resulted in the development of specific areas of mutual program interest. The overall future objective of this program is to foster and encourage collaboration of mutual interest and benefit.

Female↗
PubMed1976

Cancer centers: their relationship to the academic community.

During the past decade one important change that has occurred in medical education has been the development of multidisciplinary research, education, and treatment efforts by new groups of scholars drawn from multiple disciplines. In their daily activities members of such groups have more in common with their new affinity group than with their traditional discipline. Yet important adminstrative functions such as appointment, assignment of space, and allocation of budget are conducted by separate administrative units. This has produced stress and conflict within many academic institutions. Some of the lessons learned by institutions participating in the cancer center program may be generally applicable. Comprehensive cancer centers have evolved several types of administrative sturctures, but there is a common characteristics among the most successful. Each has developed some modification of a matrix system with delegation of significant administrative authority to the center. If the matrix approach is successful in cancer, it may become a pattern for other programs in the future.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1975

Excess occurrence of cancer of the oral cavity, lung, and bladder following cancer of the cervix.

The risk of developing a second cancer among white and black females with an initial cancer of the uterine cervix or corpus has been estimated based on the experience of the Charity Hospital of Louisiana Tumor Registry, a participant of the End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute. Observed second primary cancers were compared to expected numbers in order to obtain a direct estimate of risk. White females having an initial cancer of the cervix had a 5-to-6-fold excess risk of developing a subsequent cancer of the oral pharynx, lung or bladder during the first 5 years following their initial cancer with no excess risk for developing subsequent cancer of the breast or large intestine, but a slight excess risk for developing subsequent cancer of the ano-rectum. There was a 7% excess risk among both whites and blacks with initial cancer of the corpus uteri of subsequently developing another cancer.

Black People↗
PubMed1975

Multiple primary neoplasms in blacks compared to whites. IV. Further cancers in patients with cancer of the digestive organs.

Second primary cancers found among whites and blacks with initial cancer of the digestive organs were reported based on data from the Charity Hospital Tumor Registry. Observed second primary cancers were compared to expected numbers to obtain a direct estimate of risk. Both white and black men had about a twofold risk of developing a second cancer. For white men, the excess was limited to a subsequent skin cancer, but this finding was probably an artifact of reporting and lacked biologic significance. Among women, both white and black, large excesses of invasive cancer of the cervix and ovary were found after an initial cancer of the large intestine and anorectum was discovered. No excess of breast cancer was found.

Black or African American↗