Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to G Reiss.
Nose drops are widely used in the topical treatment of nasal disorders. This paper gives some aspects of the therapeutic effects and installation of nose drops. Nose drops are only used on the nasal mucosa. Their efficacy depend especially on the position of the head adopted during instillation.
Communicative disorders can remain an uncomfortable, costly, and debilitating factor throughout the lives of millions of children and adults. Deafness is a common problem and no age group is spared. Causes of hearing loss are numerous, and may be multifactorial in an individual. Important causes include trauma, including noise and air pressure changes; genetic hearing loss; infection, including rubella; drug damage, metabolic and neoplasia. Prompt detection and management of hearing loss in children is essential to ensure adequate development of language and associated skills. Untreated hearing loss in adults may cause them to withdraw from social activities. The patient with a hearing loss may represent difficult evaluation and management decisions. While individuals with defective hearing have a wide-ranging choice among absolutely attractive occupations, that choice is likely to be narrowed along with growing severity of the handicap. Hazardous, hearing-related, contact, and noisy occupations are not suitable for them. In handling such persons, due consideration should be given not only to the handicap proper but very much also to psychological aspects.
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Tinnitus is a sensation of sound generated by the auditory system due to pathology, without any external acoustic or electrical stimulation. Clinical reports have indicated that tinnitus affects the left ear more frequently than the right one. Previous data suggest that the asymmetrical distribution of tinnitus is linked to handedness or other lateral signs, but no studies have heretofore examined lateral preferences in addressing this relationship. The literature concerning the laterality (localisation) of tinnitus is reviewed. The data confirm an asymmetrical distribution of tinnitus. Results of 7 studies (altogether 4634 patients) demonstrate that tinnitus occurs more often bilaterally (48.8%) than on the left side (28.0%) or the right (23.2%). There is no general predominance of the left ear. Handedness, eyedness, footedness, earedness and dichotic listening are examined in our own sample of 58 patients (23 men and 35 women) with acute, subacute or chronic tinnitus. A right sided preference was found for hand, foot, eye, ear preference and dichotic listening among 91%, 86%, 78%, 69% and 85% of the sample, respectively. Sixty per cent of the sample heard tinnitus only in the left ear, 21% only in the right ear and 19% in both ears. There is a higher correlation between localisation of tinnitus and dichotic listening than between other lateralities. Our investigation shows a significant relationship between localisation of tinnitus and laterality of dichotic listening, suggesting a possible link between tinnitus and hemisphere dominance. The result suggests a "functional" asymmetry of tinnitus.
Bibliography database managers are used to manage information resources: specifically, to maintain a database of references and create bibliographies and reference lists for written works. It should offer tools that let you find and retrieve references quickly, and it should be able to produce the bibliography in the format required for a particular publication. There are many computer programs, but very few stands out as truly useful, time saving, and work enhancing. One of them is EndNote. The reference manager EndNote 4 was recently released in Germany and, as long-time fans of this excellent program, we upgraded from the previous version. The use of the software package EndNote 4 for Windows is described, and we want to report about our own experiences with the new version of this database manager. The main reason for getting EndNote 4 is its clearly improved functions and features: for instance a new library window, a better search functions, an automatic updates and completion of term lists and an improved identification of duplicate references. Altogether EndNote 4 provides also an excellent combination of features and ease of use.
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Gustatory problems have deleterious consequences to systemic health, nutritional status and quality of life. Chemosensory dysfunction is most often secondary to one of only a few causes: viral infection, toxic chemical exposure, head trauma, as well as medication-related and idiopathic conditions. Many gustatory disorders are secondary to a wide variety of diseases. History taking may provide clues to these and other problems. Therapy should not begin until a standardized test has been given that established impairment of the sense of taste. Treatment of underlying diseases may restore chemosensory function. Reference is made to the need for adequate psychic guidance of patients with chemosensorial problems. If restoration of their sense of taste is unlikely, patient should be cautioned to take steps to ensure safety in regard to such dangers and spoiled foods.
This review discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of fetor e naso and the associated disease. This paper reviews also the diagnostic management and therapy of nasal fetor. Fetor e naso is a very important and dangerous sign, which should always be clarified.
Computed tomography (CT) is a very important diagnostic tool prior to endoscopic nasal or paranasal sinus surgery. However, it is frequently notice during endonsal surgery of the paranasal sinuses, that the intraoperative results do not completely agree with the radiological ones. The objective of the present study was to compare clinical and operative findings with those of CT investigations. We collected 200 cases treated during the past 2 years and studied their CT reports. Paranasal sinuses were separated into six regions, and the pathological changes due to sinusitis found by CT were classified into four groups. Altogether, we found a highly significant relationship between CT and intraoperative findings (r = 0.44; P < 0.0001), but differences were found in several regions. The highest correlation was found in the anterior ethmoid bone area (r = 0.98), posterior ethmoid bone area (r = 0.53), maxillary sinus (r = 0.36) and sphenoid sinus (r = 0.35). There was only a low agreement in the case of frontal sinus and recessus frontalis. Possible factors such as time between CT and operation or inflammation are discussed. While CT is the image modality of choice in evaluating patients with chronic paranasal sinusitis, agreement to intraoperative findings is not perfect. This should be taken into consideration when planning functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
The classical x-ray diagnosis and the computer tomography (CT) examination depends mainly on clinical examination. The purpose of our study was to compare the value of conventional x-ray diagnosis and CT in detecting rhinobasal fractures. We examined 133 patients retrospectively who had a fracture. Altogether we considered with the classical x-ray diagnosis 111 and with the CT 250 regions of the frontobasis. In all, one third of fractures in the regions could not be detected preoperatively by CT and not the half by classical x-ray-diagnosis. CT allows a direct detection of brain hernias and far better imaging of osseous lesions, also of fine structures, such as a better appraisal of paranasal sinus pathology. Classical radiology is, however, still indispensable for imaging certain fracture types and localization of a pneumocranium. Except in case of special demands, conventional x-ray diagnosis is important for the routine diagnostics of the facial skull as a primary method supplying an answer to the most important questions at a lower cost and in a shorter time. Altogether, CT allows an improvement of postoperative results, influencing indication, timing of operation, such as surgical approach.
The present paper discuss the cleaning of the external auditory canal. It is purpose of this article to show that the insertion of foreign bodies in form of cotton buds, into the ear, is absolutely unnecessary and may be a dangerous practice. We conclude that cotton-tipped swab use may be associated with cerumen accumulation.
There are two main kinds of hearing disorders: sensorineural and conductive. Sensorineural hearing loss is a common disorder that results from damage to the inner ear in over 95% of all cases; therefore, retrocochlear hearing disorders are rare and cannot be differentiated from sensory losses by clinical symptoms alone. Unilateral hearing loss entails many problems in hearing during the entire life of the affected patients. Conductive deafness has a readily determined etiology in most cases. In contrast, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss requires more refined and extensive investigation. The etiology of an asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss can often be difficult to determine. Because a wide variety of pathologic processes may be responsible for the hearing loss, numerous diagnostic tests are usually used during initial evaluation, including pure-tone audiometry, acoustic reflex testing, imaging, serologic testing, and auditory brainstem response testing. The most frequent causes of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss were sudden deafness, Menière's disease and cerebellopontine angle tumors. Early diagnosis of acoustic neuroma or other lesions of the internal auditory meatus or cerebello-pontine angle requires special attention. The patient with an acoustic neuroma may present to the otologist with a variety of clinical features. Classically these include a retrocochlear pattern of sensorineural hearing loss, reduced vestibular response on caloric testing and a pathological auditory brainstem response. Magnetic resonance imaging offers greater specificity than computed tomography. Therapy of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss includes efforts to treat known causes either medically or surgically.
Tinnitus is a frequent symptom but a tinnitus that is rhythmic and synchronous with the patient's heartbeat is rare. The symptom "pulsating noise in the ear" may be due to various cause but most frequently, by glomus tumors, intracranial hypertension and atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries. Pulsatile tinnitus can often present a serious diagnostic problem. The diagnostic evaluation includes physical examination, audiologic assessment and imaging techniques (ultrasonic examination of cervical vessels, high-resolution computed tomography of the temporal bones, nuclear magnetic resonance, angiography of the carotid arteries and magnetic resonance angiography). Evaluation should be individualized but must include a thorough ENT work up. The evaluation of the patient includes otomicroscopy, palpation and auscultation of ears and cervical region and the head positioning test. The cause of pulsatile tinnitus may be even identified on otoscopic examination. Further investigations by other specialities (neurology, internal medicine, ophthalmology) may become necessary. Life-threatening causes such as arteriovenous shunts or carotid artery stenosis must be ruled out. Nevertheless, in several cases it will not be possible to determine the etiology of tinnitus. Finally, therapeutic options which occasionally can include surgical techniques or interventional radiology are discussed.