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Biomedical subjects

G Rodríguez

Publications and source records attributed to G Rodríguez.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

The Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception: how long after the morning after?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether failure of the Yuzpe method of emergency contraception (which involves taking a higher than usual dose of ordinary combined oral contraceptives within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, with a second dose taken 12 hours later) depends on the interval between intercourse and treatment. DATA SOURCES: We searched the literature for studies in which investigators separately reported both the number of women treated with the Yuzpe regimen and the resulting pregnancies when treatment was started on the first, second, and third days after unprotected intercourse. Searches of the electronic data bases MEDLINE, POPLINE, EMBASE, and BIOSIS were supplemented by scrutiny of the bibliographies of all papers identified through the electronic search. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: We identified nine published studies that present the number of women treated and outcome of treatment by time since unprotected intercourse. We included all nine studies in our analysis. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Differences in failure rates by time of treatment adjusted for study-site effects were analyzed using logistic regression. We found no significant differences in failure rates when therapy was started on the first, second, or third day after unprotected intercourse. The large sample size ensured a power of 76% to reject the null hypothesis of equal failure rates when the odds of failure on the third day are twice those on the first and second days. CONCLUSION: Our results have two clinical implications. First, insistence on taking the first dose as soon as possible may be counterproductive in circumstances when taking the second dose 12 hours later would be difficult. Second, clinical protocols that deny treatment after 72 hours may be excessively restrictive, particularly if the alternative of emergency insertion of a copper intrauterine device is not immediately available or appropriate.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1996

Mass media messages and reproductive behaviour in Nigeria.

This paper examines the effects of exposure to mass media messages promoting family planning on the reproductive behaviour of married women in Nigeria using cross-sectional data. Longitudinal data are also used to ensure that exposure to media messages pre-dates the indicators of reproductive behaviour. Cross-sectional analysis suggests that: (1) contraceptive use and intention are positively associated with exposure to mass media messages, and (2) women who are exposed to media messages are more likely to desire fewer children than those who are not exposed to such messages. Similarly, analysis of the longitudinal data shows that exposure to mass media messages is a significant predictor of contraceptive use. Thus, exposure to mass media messages about family planning may be a powerful tool for influencing reproductive behaviour in Nigeria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Prenatal and delivery care and childhood immunization in Guatemala: do family and community matter?

In this paper we investigate family choices about pregnancy-related care and the use of childhood immunization. Estimates obtained from a multilevel logistic model indicate that use of formal (or "modern") health services differs substantially by ethnicity, by social and economic factors, and by availability of health services. The results also show that family and community membership are very important determinants of the use of health care, even in the presence of controls for a large number of observed characteristics of individuals, families, and communities.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

[Cost-effectiveness of the methods of smoking cessation].

BACKGROUND: The cost-effectiveness of the following methods of cessation of smoking were calculated in this study: 1) medical advice, 2) medical advice and nicotine chiclets, and 3) medical advice and nicotine patches. METHODS: The costs and effectiveness of the methods of cessation of smoking compared in terms of cost per year of life gained, deducing the costs and benefits at 5%. RESULTS: The cost per year of life gained was found to be 260,000 to 434,000 pesetas in males and 441,000 to 637,000 in women for medical advice, 287,000 to 479,000 in males and 486,000 to 703,000 in females for advice and nicotine chiclets and 329,000 to 549,000 in males and 557,000 to 805,000 in females for advice and nicotine patches. Maximum efficacy was achieved with the three methods in the age group from 45-59 years in males and from 50-54 years in females. On comparison of cost and effectiveness of the methods of nicotine substitution with those calculated for medical advice the increase in cost-effectiveness was shown to be 395,000 to 658,000 in males and 668,000 to 966,000 in females for advice and chiclets and from 467,000 to 779,000 in males and 791,000 to 1,142,000 in females for advice and patches. The increase in cost-effectiveness for advice and patches versus advice and chiclets was from 539,000 to 899,000 in males and 913,000 to 1,318,000 in females. CONCLUSIONS: The efficiency of achieving the cessation of smoking is very similar for medical advice and medical advice plus nicotine chiclets and is somewhat less for medical advice and nicotine patches. The results of this study place the methods of smoking cessation among the most effective health care procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

One year's experience with an acute pain service in a Spanish University Clinic hospital.

We describe the experience of the acute pain service of the University Hospital of Galicia, Spain since its inception. We have treated 1214 patients using either patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine (72%), or patient-controlled epidural analgesia with fentanyl + bupivacaine (22%). Three hundred and five patients had minor complications, mainly pruritus (35%) in patients with patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Three (0.33%) patients using PCA had respiratory depression treated with naloxone; no patient with patient-controlled epidural analgesia had respiratory depression. In our experience the creation of an acute pain service and the associated development of pain-treatment protocols and the training of hospital personnel produced excellent results.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1994

[Detection of anti-gonococcal antibodies using a dot immunobinding assay in a high risk female population].

The bacteriological diagnosis of gonorrhea in women has a low efficiency. A dot immunobinding assay, using whole piliated Neisseria gonorrhoeae cells, was used to detect antigonococcal antibodies in 300 prostitutes in whom a parallel Thayer-Martin culture of endocervical secretion was performed. Twenty sera from men with bacteriologically confirmed gonorrhoea were used as positive controls and 20 sera from children without history of gonococcal infections, as negative controls. Antibodies were detected in 49.7% of women and culture was positive in only one. All men with gonorrhea has positive titers and all sera from children were negative, except one that had a cross-reaction. Test sensitivity in the female population was 1 and specificity 0.5. There were no false negative reactions. Although the test detected antibodies in high risk women, there were cross-reactions. Therefore, the technique should be improved, using a more specific antigen.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1993

[Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by latex agglutination tests].

Fifty samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with acute bacterial meningitis were studied with direct gram examination, culture and latex agglutination. Twenty one of these samples had previous antimicrobial treatment. In 42 patients, blood cultures were also made. Thirty control CSF samples were also studied. The diagnostic yield of CSF culture was 72%, of direct gram examination 74% and latex agglutination 80%. All the techniques as a whole has a diagnostic yield of 92%. In the 21 CSF samples with previous antimicrobial treatment, culture was positive in 47.6% and latex agglutination in 85.7%. All control CSF samples were negative. It is concluded that the diagnostic yield of latex agglutination test in patients with previous antimicrobial treatment is significantly better than culture.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

[Three years of acute bacterial meningitis in the pediatric service at the Temuco Regional Hospital].

The aim of this work was to study the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory features of 90 children, hospitalized between 1988 and 1991 with the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis in a region with a high proportion of aboriginal population. Twenty six percent of studied patients were of mapuche origin. The causative organism was identified in 82% of cases (H influenzae in 38% of cases, S pneumoniae in 29% and N meningitidis in 10%). H influenzae was resistant to ampicillin in 16% of cases and resistant to chloramphenicol in 4%. This agent was identified in 52% of patients of mapuche origin compared with 33% of non mapuche patients. Seventy three percent of children were less than 2 years old. Thirty seven percent of children had complications during hospitalization, 12 children died (13.3%) and 38% of children had neurological sequelae at the moment of discharge.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

[Shigellosis in children of the IX region of Chile: clinical and epidemiologic aspects and antibiotic sensitivity].

Ninety four children with diarrhea and a positive stool culture for Shigella, hospitalized at the Hospital Regional de Temuco, were studied. Forty six percent of patients were less than two years old. Forty two percent of microorganisms were resistant to Ampicillin, 45% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 8% to tetracycline and none to chloramphenicol. Isolated species were Shigella flexneri 83% and Shigella sonnei 17%. Seventy nine percent of patients had fever, 60% dysentery and 21.3% seizures. Ninety two percent of symptomatic family contacts had a positive stool culture for Shigella. Due to the high incidence of resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, these antimicrobials are not recommended as the first choice treatment of Shigellosis in the Ninth region of Chile.

Chile↗
PubMed1992

Attitudes and knowledge toward bicycle helmet by school age children.

Approximately 600 children under the age of 15 years, die each year in bicycle-related accidents. Over 80% of these deaths involve trauma to the head. Almost one fourth of all significant brain injuries in children are bicycle related. In spite of these significant statistics, bicycle helmet use in Puerto Rico has not received the necessary publicity to increase their use. Pediatricians should encourage helmet use and counsel parents about the important of this device. A case control study of accidents among bicycle riders experiencing a crash demonstrates that safety helmets reduce the risk of head injury by 85% and brain injury by 88%. The recommendation of current safety counseling practices should be incorporated as part of the routine pediatrician visit. Educational campaigns targeted at parents and children focusing on the incidence of consequences of bicycle crashes should be the primary goal for all primary practitioners, since the effectiveness of helmets in preventing head injuries might substantially increase helmet ownership among children. To assess the prevalence of bicycle helmet ownership and the associated factors with this, we surveyed 146 school age children evaluated at the Pediatrics Clinics of the University Hospital Dr. Ramón Ruiz Arnau from January to March 1991. We concluded that only 7.5% of our sample use the helmets.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1992

[Pattern of vascular aging of the postmenopausal ovary].

It has been established that the blood vessels during post-menopause show progressive changes that consist in thickening of the vascular wall with the corresponding diminution of the lumen, but the material where such thickening takes place, is unknown, so 70 ovaries, 35 of them post-menopausal and 35 of reproductive cycle, were analyzed histologically and by special staining techniques. In the post-menopausal ovary it was found that the arteries, veins and arterioles had a lumen diminution to 88.5%; 94.2% had a thickened wall from glucogen and collagen which was increased in 65.7% of the cases; besides, elastic fibers of blood vessels were duplicated in 52.9% of post-menopausal ovaries. This confirms our hypothesis in that vascular aging in the post-menopausal ovary, includes the thickening of blood vessels from glucogen and collagen stores, so as a consequence a diminished lumen, is observed.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

[Early puerperium rooming-in: an alternative of optimization of maternal-child care].

The observation that in Chilean Maternities, newborn infants are separated from their mothers during their first hours of life, originated this experience, destined to strengthen the early and permanent mother-infant bonding, where both of them were attended by the same assistant nurse, in a joined observation room. The influence of this method on the neonatal cardiorespiratory adaptation, as well as the initial moment of the lactation, was evaluated. In three groups of healthy newborn infants, full term newborn infants appropriate for gestational age (250), full term newborn infants small for gestational age (94) and preterm newborn infants (38), both vital signs and the initial moment of lactation were registered, during the first hours of life, period in which they remained with their mothers. Cardiac and respiratory frequency remained constant and temperature regulation was reached from the first hour of life. No significant constant differences were observed between groups in relation with the clinical parameters studied. The 77.7% of the children began their lactation in this period. Finally, the advantage of a whole nursing attendance and with a lesser demand of personal is emphasized.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1990

[Immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis].

We evaluated immunofluorescence techniques to investigate the presence of S pneumoniae, N meningitidis, H influenzae types a and b and L monocytogenes in 85 samples of CSF fluid: 60 were taken from patients suffering meningitis and 25 from a control group. Results were compared to conventional bacteriologic methods. There were no false positive results in the control group. In patients with meningitis, 28 were positive by both methods. Nine additional patients were positive only to immunofluorescence which allowed identification of S pneumoniae in 6, N meningitidis in 2 and H influenzae in 1. 37 samples were positive by immunofluorescence and 28 of them were positive to conventional bacteriology. There was only 1 case of Group B streptococcus identified by bacteriology which was not diagnosed by immunofluorescence. Thus, immunofluorescence increases the ability to make a bacteriologic diagnosis in patients with meningitis.

Acute Disease↗