Long-term adverse effects of scuba diving.
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Cervical Vertebrae↗
Biomedical subjects
G Rogers
Publications and source records attributed to G Rogers.
Microheterogeneity of erythropoietin carbohydrate structure.
The microheterogeneity of the carbohydrate structures on recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells has been evaluated by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) of glycopeptide fragments. The microheterogeneity is largely associated with the presence or absence of terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) residues, varying amounts of O-acetylation of the Neu5Ac residues, and the presence or absence of N-acetyllactosamine extensions. The N-linked carbohydrate structures were structurally diverse; 52 different N-linked oligosaccharide structures were identified. Consistent structural assignments could be made from data obtained using different proteolytic digests, ESI solvent systems (aqueous/methanol systems with acetic or formic acid), and on-line or off-line LC/MS analysis. All glycosylation sites exhibited some level of O-acetylation of Neu5Ac residues. Interestingly, glycosylation site asparagine-83 exhibits mono-O-acetyl and di-O-acetyl Neu5Ac residues, while the other sites, asparagine-24, asparagine-38, and serine-126, exhibit mainly mono-O-acetyl Neu5Ac derivatization. This difference in O-acetylation may be site specific or due to sample handling of labile structures. However, mild base treatment of rHuEPO with NaOH on ice removed the O-acetyl groups associated with a given carbohydrate structure, without adversely affecting the underlying oligosaccharide structure, resulting in a simplified mass spectra. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of Neu5Ac residues released by neuraminidase treatment of total rHuEPO indicated that Neu5,9Ac2 residues were present. Additional resonances were also observed that were consistent with other Neu5Ac O-acetyl linkages; these O-acetyl resonances could be removed by mild base hydrolysis of rHuEPO.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission facilitates classical conditioning in the freely moving rat.
Centrally active drugs that enhance alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor-gated currents by increasing the amplitude and duration of fast, excitatory synaptic responses in the hippocampus have recently been described. The effects of the compound 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl) perperidine (BDP) on associative and non-associative aspects of the classically conditioned eyeblink response in the freely moving rat were examined. Rats injected with BDP blinked significantly more to an acoustic stimulus of 85 dB than did vehicle controls, indicating that the drug enhances alpha responding to discrete auditory cues. Using a less intense stimulus of 80 dB, rats injected with BDP did not exhibit alpha responding or pseudo-conditioning, yet learned the conditioned response at a facilitated rate. These results suggest that increasing excitatory neurotransmission enhances the processing of sensory information and may contribute to subsequent contingency detection.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Classification of single-trial ERP sub-types: application of globally optimal vector quantization using simulated annealing.
Examination of the single trials which are traditionally averaged to form late-component ERPs reveals a number of different sub-types of response. This study introduces an automated and robust approach to objectively classify these ERP sub-types. Auditory oddball ERP (target tones) data were examined in 25 normal subjects. Globally optimal vector quantization using simulated annealing (the "Metropolis algorithm") was employed to determine the natural groupings of the single-trial responses that constitute the average ERP. No prior assumptions about the ERP patterns were imposed. This is the first study to employ a cluster analysis technique with globally optimal properties in ERP research. We demonstrate that, due to the presence of many different undesirable local minima, a globally optimal solution is crucial if the classification of the single-trial ERPs is to reflect their real structure. The results of this study showed that only around 40% of single trials had a morphology which resembled the averaged ERP wave form. The remaining single trials had a response morphology which was different from the average, in terms of the amplitude and latency of the components. Single-trial ERP response sub-types may provide fundamental complementary functional information to the ERP average.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Targeted expression of SV40 T antigen in the hair follicle of transgenic mice produces an aberrant hair phenotype.
Directed expression of SV40 large T antigen (TAg) in transgenic mice can induce tissue-specific tumorigenesis and useful cell lines exhibiting differentiated characteristics can be established from resultant tumor cells. In an attempt to produce an immortalised mouse hair follicle cortical cell line for the study of hair keratin gene control, SV40 TAg expression was targeted to the hair follicles of transgenic mice using a sheep hair gene promoter. Expression of SV40 TAg in the follicle cortex disrupted normal fiber ultrastructure, producing a marked phenotypic effect. Affected hairs were wavy or severely kinked (depending on the severity of the phenotype) producing an appearance ranging from a ruffled coat to a stubble covering the back of the mouse. The transgenic hairs appeared to be weakened at the base of the fibers, leading to premature hair-loss and a thinner pelage, or regions of temporary nudity. No follicle tumors or neoplasia were apparent and immortalisation of cortical cells could not be established in culture. In situ hybridisation studies in the hair follicle using histone H3 as a cell proliferation marker suggested that cell proliferation had ceased prior to commencement of K2.10-TAg expression and was not re-established in the differentiating cortical cells. Hence, TAg was unable to induce cell immortalisation at that stage of cortical cell differentiation. However, transgenic mice developed various other abnormalities including vertebral abnormalities and bladder, liver and intestinal tumors, which resulted in reduced life expectancy.
Animals↗
Educating case managers for culturally competent practice.
This article provides a rationale for incorporating cultural competence into case management practice and examines the content required in educational programs for preparing case managers with appropriate and relevant knowledge, values, and skills. Cultural competence and related concepts are defined and applied in the context of case management. A number of required skills for educating case managers for culturally competent practice are presented. Becoming culturally competent is a developmental process involving self-awareness, understanding others from a cultural frame of reference, and acquiring the skills to provide culturally relevant and culturally sensitive practice.
Clinical Competence↗
Centrally active modulators of glutamate receptors facilitate the induction of long-term potentiation in vivo.
An experimental drug, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine, that facilitates glutamatergic transmission in brain after systemic administration was tested for its effects on the induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of rats. Intraperitoneal injections of the drug markedly increased the degree and duration of long-term potentiation; similar results were obtained with an analogue of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine that was also found to improve retention of memory in a radial maze task and in an odor-matching problem. These results define tools for enhancing long-term potentiation in vivo and confirm an important prediction from the hypothesis that long-term potentiation is a substrate of memory.
Animals↗
A centrally active drug that modulates AMPA receptor gated currents.
Systemic administration of the drug 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)-piperidine (1-BCP) has been reported to enhance monosynaptic responses in the hippocampus in vivo and to improve spatial and olfactory memory in rats. The drug's mechanism of action was investigated in the present study using membrane patches excised from cultured hippocampal slices. The decay time of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor mediated inward currents was greatly increased by 1-BCP in a concentration dependent and reversible fashion; peak current was also enhanced but to a lesser degree. In vitro slice experiments indicated that the drug has parallel effects on the field EPSP. It is concluded that 1-BCP is a centrally active modulator of the AMPA receptor.
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione↗
Building community for health: lessons from a seven-year-old neighborhood/university partnership.
This article presents two case studies highlighting the role of community conflict in the process of community empowerment. A graduate program for community health nurses (CHNs) in a large Midwestern city formed a partnership with a diverse, integrated neighborhood for the dual purposes of enhancing the community's capacity to improve its own health and teaching CHNs community organizing as a means to improve health. Central to the partnership are a broad definition of health, trust developed through long-term involvement, a commitment to reciprocity, social justice, and Freire's model of adult learning. Two initiatives that gave rise to major conflicts between community groups are analyzed. Conflicts, external and internal to the community, proved to be both powerful catalysts and potential barriers to the use of Freirian themes in community organization. Both university and community participants report needing better skills in the early recognition and management of conflict. We conclude that conflict management theory must be integrated with empowerment education theory, particularly when empowerment education is applied in a diverse community.
Adolescent↗
Automated analysis of the oligosaccharides from recombinant erythropoietin.
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Autoanalysis↗
Gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in the baboon.
Significant species differences have been demonstrated in gastric physiology, a factor that limits extrapolation of animal data to man. Primate physiology is thought to be similar to that of man; however, gastric function has not been adequately documented in the primate. In the present study six baboons (body weight 25.5 +/- 1.8 kg) were trained to sit in a chair and gastric acid secretion and gastrin release was studied in conscious animals. Mean basal acid secretion was 1.3 +/- 0.1 mmol (H+)/hr. Maximum output after pentagastrin (12 micrograms/kg/hr) was 9.5 +/- 0.9 mmol (H+)/hr and 11.0 +/- 0.4 mmol (H+)/hr after histamine (40 micrograms/kg/hr). A statistically significant (by cosinor analysis) circadian rhythm was demonstrated for intragastric pH over 24 hr in fasted baboons (P less than 0.001). Mean basal serum gastrin level was 37.7 +/- 8.3 pg/ml. The integrated gastrin response after administration of a protein rich meal was 2.52 +/- 0.07 ng x min/ml and this increased to 5.17 +/- 0.18 ng x min/ml (P less than 0.05) following simultaneous administration of a meal with atropine (0.2 mg/kg) (P less than 0.05). Our results suggest that there is significant basal and stimulated acid secretion in the baboon; the amount of acid secreted is similar to that reported in man. Gastric pH demonstrated a circadian rhythm. Postprandial gastrin release was significantly enhanced by cotreatment with atropine. As the present findings are similar to those previously reported in man, the baboon may be a useful model for further studies in gastric physiology and experimental peptic ulceration.
Animals↗
Gastric dilatation and necrosis in bulimia: a case report.
Gastric dilatation and perforation is a rare complication in anorexia/bulimia sufferers. We describe a 24 year old female who presented with severe abdominal pain and vomiting, in whom radiographs demonstrated gross gastric dilatation and subsequent perforation. Although gastric perforation is rare, one can anticipate a rising incidence, with the apparent increase in the incidence of bulimia.
Acute Disease↗
Hair follicle differentiation: expression, structure and evolutionary conservation of the hair type II keratin intermediate filament gene family.
During hair follicle development several cell streams are programmed to differentiate from the cell population of the follicle bulb. In the hair cells, a number of keratin gene families are transcriptionally activated. We describe the characterization of the type II keratin intermediate filament (IF) gene family which is expressed early in follicle differentiation. In sheep wool, four type II IF proteins are expressed. One gene has been completely sequenced and the expression of three of the genes examined in detail. The sequenced gene encodes a 55 x 10(3) Mr protein of the type II keratin IF protein family, designated KII-9 in the new nomenclature we have adopted and described in the Introduction. The gene has a similar exon/intron structure to the epidermal type II keratin IF genes. In situ hybridization experiments show that the genes are expressed in the hair cortical cells but not in the cells of the outer root sheath, inner root sheath or medulla. During hair keratinocyte differentiation the type II IF genes are sequentially activated and coexpressed in the same cells. Expression is first detected in cells in the middle of the follicle bulb located near the dermal papilla and, subsequently, two of the genes are transcriptionally activated in the differentiating keratinocytes as they migrate upwards, in the upper part of the bulb. A fourth type II IF gene is activated later. The genes with the same expression pattern are also closely related in sequence and a number of conserved elements are present in the promoters of those genes, including a novel element which is also found in the promoter of a coexpressed type I IF gene and three other hair keratin genes.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
More on similarly packaged medications and drug company's response.
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Drug Packaging↗
Donor identification and organ procurement for cardiac transplantation.
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Brain Death↗
Attitudes and physical condition of unrelated bone marrow donors immediately after donation.
Annually, over 3000 bone marrow transplants are performed worldwide involving HLA-identical sibling donors. However, only 30 percent of those patients who need a bone marrow transplant have a matched sibling donor. Programs have been developed to provide volunteer unrelated bone marrow donors for patients without sibling donors. Because bone marrow donation requires a high level of altruism, especially on the part of a donor unrelated to the patient, it is important to determine the effect of donation on the donor. Serious medical complications during the collection of marrow from related donors have been reported only rarely, but there have been no reports on the psychosocial and physical effects of the bone marrow donation process on volunteer unrelated bone marrow donors. The first 20 unrelated volunteers who donated bone marrow through the authors' volunteer bone marrow donor program were surveyed. They suffered no serious emotional or physical aftereffects. Seventeen of 20 donors reported that making the decision to donate was easy, and 16 reported making the decision to donate right away. Nine of 20 donors, however, stated that a friend or family member discouraged them from donating. All 20 donors thought that they were well prepared for the donation process. Four donors thought that the donation process required more time than they expected, but four donors thought the reverse. One person thought the process was more painful than they expected; however, 12 found the process to be less painful than expected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Attenuation of growth hormone gene expression in desensitized somatotropes.
The effects of GRF-induced desensitization of somatotropes on GH gene expression were investigated on pituitary cells derived from male rats. Pretreatment of monodispersed cells for 18 hr with GRF abolished both the acute release of GH and the stimulation of GH gene expression in response to a subsequent 4 hr challenge with GRF. Concomitant preincubation with GRF and SS resulted in restoration of the ability of GRF to stimulate release of GH but not to augment GH gene expression. These results demonstrate that desensitization by GRF affects both the release of GH and GH gene expression, whereas the resensitizing effects of SS appear to be directed exclusively at the release mechanism.
Animals↗