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G S Litynski

Publications and source records attributed to G S Litynski.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Endoscopic surgery: the history, the pioneers.

The introduction of endoscopy into surgical practice is one of the biggest success stories in the history of medicine. Endoscopy has its roots in the nineteenth century and was initially developed by urologists and internists. During the 1960s and 1970s gynecologists took the lead in the development of endoscopic surgery while most of the surgical community continued to ignore the possibilities of the new technique. This was due in part to the introduction of ever more sophisticated drugs, the impressive results of intensive care medicine, and advances in anesthesia, which led to the development of more radical and extensive operations, or "major surgery." The idea that large problems require large incisions so deeply dominated surgical thinking that there was little room to appreciate the advances of "key-hole" surgery. Working against this current, some general surgeons took up the challenge. In 1976 the Surgical Study Group on Endoscopy and Ultrasound (CAES) was formed in Hamburg. Five years later, on the other side of the Atlantic, the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) was called into being. In 1987 the first issue of the journal Surgical Endoscopy was published, and the following year the First World Congress on Surgical Endoscopy took place in Berlin. The sweeping success of the "laparoscopic revolution" (1989-1990) marked the end of traditional open surgery and encouraged surgeons to consider new perspectives. By the 1990s the breakthrough had been accomplished: endoscopy was incorporated into surgical thinking.

Endoscopes↗
PubMed1998

Origin of laparoscopy: coincidence or surgical interdisciplinary thought?

The history of laparoscopy illustrates the interaction between the many areas of medicine and technology; in fact, the development of that technique is a cumulative effort of internists, gynecologists, and surgeons. At the beginning of our century, however, neither group was particularly open to the idea of scholarly exchange. In this respect, an early pioneer of laparoscopy, Georg Kelling (1866-1945) of Dresden and the story surrounding the invention of the laparoscopy are interesting exceptions. Although Kelling regarded himself a surgeon, he devoted a great deal of energy to the development of "nonsurgical" methods of treatment. He spent a great part of his life determining stomach capacity, constructing a semiflexible tube endoscope (straightened after the insertion), and attempting to alleviate gastrointestinal bleeding by means of high-pressure pneumoperitoneum (lufttamponade). To observe the effects of insufflation on abdominal organs, Kelling introduced a cystoscope into the abdominal cavity. In fact, the invention of "celioscopy" or laparoscopy (1901) can be called a synthesis of Kelling's work with insufflation and his fascination with endoscopy.

Germany↗
PubMed1997

Exposure of the operative field in laparoscopic surgery.

Endoscopic surgery, as a result of over 90 years of investigation, has now become the most innovative part of general surgery; every procedure in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity, intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal, has been reviewed for feasibility. The basic principles in the management of surgical patients, however, have not changed: adequate exposure and good lighting remain important and may become more important with endoscopic techniques. Historical review shows the dependence of advances in laparoscopy upon technical development in the field of intraabdominal exposure as the result of two objectives: namely abdominal wall displacement and bowel retraction.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Laparoscopic r/evolution: impetus to a new understanding of surgery.

The history of the development ofthefine art of physical examination is a record of the physician's efforts to pry ever deeper and deeper into the inner recesses of his patients (H. V.Findlay, 1937).The Iaparoscopic revolution or evolution caught the surgical field by surprise. Just a few years earlier, the term "endoscopic surgery" was not part of the vocabulary of most surgeons. As with all breakthroughs, the incorporation of laparoscopy into surgery posed its own set of challenges, including: (1) the growing significance of economic factors, (2) increasing pressure from industry, (3) a shift from the hospital to out-patient settings, (4) a different approach to surgical training, (5) changes in the surgeon-patient relationship, and (6) a range of ethical issues.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Erich Mühe and the rejection of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (1985): a surgeon ahead of his time.

During the early 1980s, news of Semm's laparoscopic appendectomy was rippling through German medical circles. Erich Mühe, fascinated by Semm's technique and spurred by successes of the Erlangen endoscopists, came up with the idea of laparoscopic removal of gallstones. In 1984, Mühe had already worked out the details of an operative laparoscope, the "Galloscope," and on September 12, 1985, he carried out the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Later, he modified his technique and operated through a trocar sleeve. Finally, he designed an "open laparoscope" with a circular light. By March 1987, Mühe had conducted 97 endoscopic gallbladder removals. He published information about his technique at the Congress of the German Surgical Society (April 1986) and at other surgical meetings in Germany. His concept, however, was ignored. In the middle of the 1980s, the surgical community was still not prepared for the era of "minimally invasive therapy." Erich Mühe was a surgeon ahead of his time.

Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Profiles in laparoscopy: Mouret, Dubois, and Perissat: the laparoscopic breakthrough in Europe (1987-1988).

In the late 1980s, laparoscopy was essentially a gynecologist's tool. One of the French private surgeons, Phillipe Mouret of Lyon, shared his surgery practice with a gynecologist and thus had access to both laparoscopic equipment and to patients requiring laparoscopy. In March of 1987, Mouret carried out his first cholecystectomy by means of electronic laparoscopy. Although he never published anything about this experience, the news on his technique reached Francois Dubois of Paris. Although having no prior laparoscopic experience, Dubois acted immediately. He borrowed the instruments from gynecologists, performed his first animal experiments and, in April 1988, carried out the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in Paris. Inspired by Dubois, Jacques Perissat of Bordeaux, introduced endoscopic cholecystectomy in his clinic and presented this technique at a SAGES meeting in Louisville in April 1989. Very soon, news of the French work in LC soon swept beyond the country's borders. Dubois and Perissat spoke enthusiastically about their work at the meetings and were largely responsible for establishing what is today called the French technique.

Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Click c@refully before you quote: citing internet-based sources.

At the end of the 20th century, access to information provided by the World Wide Web (WWW) is changing as never before. The fast availability of current medical literature and the availability of tools for easy access to information, as well as for the easy production of information, have confronted research physicians, scholars, and students with new kinds of problems, many of which concern us personally. Quality control, difficulty establishing basic citation components, lack of standard guidelines for citing, as well as the short lifetime of Internet addresses concern us deeply. Some of these problems could be solved by the concept of an "Online-Library of Medicine" presented in the following paper. Since, however, at the present time there are no good answers to the problems regarding citing Internet-based sources, a Web surfer must keep in his or her mind the motto "caveat lector" (let the reader beware) - or, rather, in the spirit of our time: click c@refully before you cite.

Authorship↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hans Frangenheim--culdoscopy vs. laparoscopy, the first book on gynecological endoscopy, and "cold light".

In the United States, culdoscopy (a vaginal approach to view the abdomen) replaced laparoscopy for about 20 years, circa 1950-1970. In contrast to many of his colleagues, Hans Frangenheim of Wuppertal, Germany, was not satisfied with culdoscopy and turned to an abdominal approach. Frangenheim began publishing his experiences with gynecological laparoscopy in 1958 and stressed technical improvements. He constructed a CO2 insufflator, wrote the first book on gynecological endoscopy, and introduced "cold light" into laparoscopy. Frangenheim strongly stimulated the rise of gynecological laparoscopy in Europe in the 1960s and later.

Culdoscopy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patrick C. Steptoe: laparoscopy, sterilization, the test-tube baby, and mass media.

In the late 1950s, Patrick C. Steptoe, a British gynecologist, established contact with Palmer of Paris and Frangenheim of Wuppertal, Germany, and studied laparoscopic technique under the tutelage of these pioneers. Despite the negative attitude among his colleagues, Steptoe soon became one of the most innovative researchers in the field of abdominal endoscopy, particularly laparoscopic sterilization. In the late 1960s, Steptoe began working with Robert Edwards, an embryologist, and launched an in-vitro fertilization project obtaining eggs by means of laparoscopy. Both researchers experienced years of frustration, disappointment, ethical and scientific criticism as well as a difficult relationship with the mass media. Finally, in July 1978, Louise Brown, the first test-tube baby, was born in England. Like many of his colleagues in the 1950s and 1960s, Patrick Christopher Steptoe (1913-1988), a gynecologist in Oldham, Great Britain, was concerned about the number of unnecessary laparotomies. Unfortunately, the Oldham group of hospitals was not a university clinic and Steptoe had scanty opportunity to develop his own research. In the late 1950s, he searched the medical literature for an alternative form of examination and came across publications about Decker's culdoscopy, the vaginal approach to view of the abdomen. Since this method was not widespread in England, Steptoe, in 1958, went to Montreal, Boston, and New York in order to observe and learn the practical use of culdoscopy. However, Steptoe left America disappointed.

Fertilization in Vitro↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Kurt Semm and an automatic insufflator.

Work on tubal insufflation marked the beginning of Kurt Semm's (b. 1927) scientific career. In the early 1960s, he directed his attention to the fact that, from a technical standpoint, tubal insufflation was similar to creating pneumoperitoneum. In the mid-1960s, Semm--himself a gynecologist--investiged his time and financial resources and risked his university career to develop an automatic abdominal insufflation device. Later he tried it out in the Clinic for Internal Medicine. Since, at that time, the term "laparoscopy" had negative connotations associated with it, Semm formulated a new term "pelviscopy." In 1967, Semm presented his invention to Melvin Cohen, an American pioneer of gynecological laparoscopy, at the meeting of the American Fertility Society, held in Washington.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Kurt Semm and the fight against skepticism: endoscopic hemostasis, laparoscopic appendectomy, and Semm's impact on the "laparoscopic revolution".

In the 1970s, Semm developed thermocoagulation, adapted the Roeder Loop, and further invented extra- and intracoporeal endoscopic knotting to achieve endoscopic hemostasis. His numerous technical inventions, especially the electronic insufflator, allowed more complex operations to be performed laparoscopically. His technique, however, was not quickly adopted by the surgical community. When the first fully laparoscopic appendectomy was carried out by Semm in 1980, a veritable storm broke loose. In the opinion of many prominent surgeons, Semm exaggerated the problem of adhesions, and laparoscopic technique itself was regarded as very dangerous. Misunderstood by medical scientists, Semm displayed an ability to force his ideas through despite skepticism and suspicion. He realized that endoscopic surgery had tremendous potential, and promoted laparoscopic technique not only in his field of gynecology but among general surgeons as well. In 1985, Muhe, of Boblingen, Germany, used Semm's technique to remove the first gallbladder in the world laparoscopically. Three years later when Semm presented a videotape of his laparoscopic appendectomy in Baltimore, he gave impetus to McKernan and Save of Marietta. Georgia, to carry out the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the United States.

Appendectomy↗