Biomedical subjects

G S Rubin

Publications and source records attributed to G S Rubin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1999

Who participates in population based studies of visual impairment? The Salisbury Eye Evaluation project experience.

PURPOSE: To describe characteristics of respondents and nonrespondents to a home questionnaire and comprehensive clinical examination in a population of elderly Americans. METHODS: The SEE project is a population-based study of age-related eye diseases, visual impairment, and functional status of individuals aged 65 to 84. Potential participants were identified using the Health Care Financing Administration Medicare data base for Salisbury, MD: After sending out an introductory letter, a trained interviewer visited potential participants in their homes, obtained their consent to participate, administered a short screening interview that included questions about their general health and vision, and administered an extensive questionnaire on their diet, medical history, and difficulty performing activities related to vision. The interviewer then scheduled an appointment for the participants to visit a central site for an exam. Potential participants could fall into one of two refusal groups; refusal to take part in the study before the home questionnaire or prior to the clinic visit. RESULTS: The overall response rate for the clinic visit was 65%. Compared to individuals with complete exams, the two groups of refusals were older, less likely to have any college education, more likely to report poor health status, and more likely to need help with Independent Activities of Daily Living (IADL's). Participants with complete home questionnaires that failed to come to the clinic were more likely to have Mini-Mental scores below 25. There were not significant differences by race, gender, or self reported vision status among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Population-based studies requiring an in-clinic examination may selectively under-sample those with health and mental difficulties. These differential responses may introduce bias in the study results and need to be addressed when assessing the burden, type and severity of disease in the community. However, self-report of visual status was similar among refusals and participants in this study on vision.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1999

Self-reported assessment of visual function in a population-based study: the SEE project. Salisbury Eye Evaluation.

PURPOSE: To report on the usefulness of the Activities of Daily Vision Scale (ADVS) questionnaire for assessing visual functioning, a population-based sample of elderly Americans. METHODS: The ADVS questionnaire was administered to a population-based sample of 2520 community-dwelling individuals 65 to 84 years of age in Salisbury, MD. Items and subscales were evaluated for internal consistency, item discrimination, and content validity. Published subscale groupings and item associations in our population were compared for coherence using correlation, factor, and cluster analyses. Whole-sample and race- and gender-specific analyses were conducted. External validity was explored by regressing ADVS scores on standard psychophysical vision measures. RESULTS: ADVS scores were skewed to high visual functioning levels; approximately 60% of the population had function scores of 95 or better (of a possible 100). The overall, night driving, and near vision scales were internally consistent and had strong item-subscale associations; the day driving and glare subscales were not acceptable regarding these properties. The far vision subscale was acceptably scalable but only weakly differentiated from the other subscales. Overall, night driving, near vision, and far vision scores were all statistically and independently associated with multiple psychophysical vision measures. Findings were consistent across race and gender subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: As assessed by the ADVS, reported visual functioning is high in our representative older population. The overall scale and selected subscales effectively distinguish persons along a spectrum of ability. They correlate with measures of visual impairment in a reasonable way and thus hold promise for risk factor investigations. The published day driving and glare subscales should be examined for relevance and consistency before being applied in population-based settings. Methods specific to population-based settings should be investigated for their ability to better elicit additional visual function dimensions and early visual disability.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1998

Racial differences in lens opacities: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) project.

The purpose of this study was to determine racial differences in the prevalence of different types of lens opacities and cataract surgery. Between 1993 and 1995, the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) Project enrolled a representative sample of 2,520 community-dwelling persons aged 65-84 years in Salisbury, Maryland, 26.4% of whom were African-American. Participants received a full eye examination, and photographs were taken for documentation of lens status. Photographs were graded using a standardized grading system for the presence of cortical, nuclear, or posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) opacification in at least one eye. The odds of having cortical opacities were 4.0 times greater among African Americans than among Caucasians (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3-4.8). Caucasians were significantly more likely to have nuclear opacities (odds ratio = 2.1, 95% CI 1.7-2.6) and PSC opacities (odds ratio = 2.5, 95% CI 1.7-3.6). The odds of cataract surgery were 2.8 times higher among Caucasians, but these differences did not explain the differences in the prevalence of different types of lens opacities by racial group. With lower rates of nuclear and PSC opacities than Caucasians, African Americans may have a lower demand for cataract surgery. However, even with these differences, there is still significant unnecessary loss of vision due to cataract among older African Americans, for whom programs to ensure access to surgical care are indicated.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Sunlight exposure and risk of lens opacities in a population-based study: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation project.

CONTEXT: Exposure to UV-B radiation in sunlight has been shown to increase the risk of cataract formation in high-risk occupational groups, but risk to the population has not been quantified. OBJECTIVES: To determine the ocular exposure to UV-B radiation in sunlight for a population of older persons and to determine the association between UV-B and lens opacities. DESIGN: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation project, a population-based cohort of older adults. SETTING: Salisbury, Md. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2520 community-dwelling 65-year-old to 84-year-old adults in Salisbury, Md, from 1993 to 1995, of whom 26.4% were African Americans. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Association of photographically documented cortical opacity 3/16 or greater in at least 1 eye with ocular UV-B exposure, reported in Maryland sun-years of exposure. RESULTS: The odds of cortical opacity increased with increasing ocular exposure to UV-B (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.20). The relationship was similar for women (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00-1.30) and for African Americans (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.33). Analyses of the ocular dose by each age group after the age of 30 years showed no vulnerable age group, suggesting damage is based on cumulative exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Although this population of older Americans has relatively low ocular exposure to UV-B in sunlight, there is still an association between ocular exposure and increasing odds of cortical opacity. Our study found an association among African Americans, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. All sex and racial groups would benefit from simple methods to avoid ocular sun exposure.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Visual function abnormalities and prognosis in eyes with age-related geographic atrophy of the macula and good visual acuity.

PURPOSE: Geographic atrophy (GA) may cause significant compromise of visual function, even when there still is good visual acuity (VA), because of parafoveal scotomas and foveal function abnormalities antedating visible atrophy. This study evaluates the visual function abnormalities at baseline and the 2-year worsening of VA and reading rate for eyes with GA compared with a group of eyes with drusen only. METHODS: Seventy-four eyes with GA and VA greater than or equal to 20/50 from a prospective natural history study of GA were included, as were 13 eyes with only drusen. Baseline visual function testing and 2-year VA and maximum reading rate are reported. RESULTS: The worsening of VA in decreased luminance and foveal dark-adapted sensitivity showed severe abnormalities for the GA group. Contrast sensitivity was significantly reduced for the eyes with GA. Half the eyes with GA, but none of the drusen eyes, had maximum reading rates below 100 words per minute. A scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) measure of the scotoma near fixation combined with a measure of residual foveal function accounted for 54% of the variability in maximum reading rate in the eyes with GA. Of 40 eyes with GA observed for 2 years, half lost greater than or equal to 3 lines of VA and one quarter lost greater than or equal to 6 lines. The nine eyes with drusen with follow-up had no significant change in VA. Low foveal dark-adapted sensitivity, SLO measures of the scotoma within 1 degree of fixation, and low maximum reading rate were statistically significant risk factors for doubling of the visual angle. Significant reduction in maximum reading rates at 2 years was present for the eyes with GA. CONCLUSIONS: The eyes with GA with good VA have profound decreases in visual function, particularly in dim lighting and in reading. Half the eyes with GA had doubling in visual angle at 2 years after the baseline examination, whereas the drusen eyes remained essentially unchanged. Impaired visual function at baseline was predictive of an adverse outcome for the eyes with GA.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Assessing functional status: correlation between performance on tasks conducted in a clinic setting and performance on the same task conducted at home. The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project Team.

BACKGROUND: Many studies of functional status in elderly people use performance-based measures. There is an underlying assumption that these measures reflect, at least for some tasks, functional abilities in everyday tasks carried out at home. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between tasks carried out in the clinic and at home, and the role of visual impairment in performance at either setting. METHODS: We compared the performance of 97 participants in the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) project at the clinic and at home on eight different tasks: semitandem stand, functional reach, stair climb and descend, inserting a plug, looking up and dialing a telephone number, and reading. RESULTS: The correlations were good for all tasks, with coefficients ranging from .52 to .86. Those with visual impairment were slightly more likely to perform better at home compared to the clinic, although the differences were statistically significant only for the reading task. The most important predictor of performance on any task in the home was performance on the task at the clinic, even after adjusting for age, race, sex, education, and visual impairment. Educational level and visual impairment were consistent predictors of performance in the home for most tests. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that performances on standardized tasks in the clinic setting do correlate with similar tasks performed in the home, although the relationship is complicated in the presence of visual impairment.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Function and visual impairment in a population-based study of older adults. The SEE project. Salisbury Eye Evaluation.

PURPOSE: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) project investigates the impact of vision on functional status in a population-based sample of elderly persons. The prevalence of self-reports of functional status and the association with visual acuity loss are described. METHODS: A random sample of men and women 65 to 84 years of age from Salisbury, Maryland were recruited for home interviews and clinic examinations. Of the eligible sample, 78% responded to the home questionnaire and 65% responded to the questionnaire and the clinic examination. Binocular visual acuity of each person was measured using ETDRS charts and protocols. Questions were asked concerning activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, physical function, social interaction, and activities of daily vision. Analyses of the association of presenting visual acuity worse than 20/40 with the measures of function were carried out and adjusted for age, race, and sex. RESULTS: All measures of functional status showed a decline with age; women and blacks were more likely to report difficulties. The age-adjusted proportions of those with visual impairment were not significantly different between men and women (7.2% versus 6.7%; P = 0.60). Black persons had almost twice the rate (10.4%) of white persons (5.6%; P < 0.001). Age, race, gender, and visual impairment were all significantly related to declines in functional status in multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS: Data on functional status in the project population were similar to national data and confirmed higher rates of disability in women and blacks. Binocular visual acuity worse than 20/40 appeared to have an impact on all the self-report measures of functional status. Further analyses on the interaction of vision with other comorbid conditions on function status clearly are indicated.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1997

A comprehensive assessment of visual impairment in a population of older Americans. The SEE Study. Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project.

PURPOSE: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project is a longitudinal study of risk factors for age-related eye diseases and the impact of eye disease and visual impairment on physical disability. In this article, the authors report the prevalence of visual impairment in their population and explore the relations among the various measures of visual function. METHODS: A population-based sample of 2520 residents of Salisbury, Maryland, between the ages of 65 and 84 years were enrolled in the study. Twenty-six percent of participants were black. Vision tests included best-corrected Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study acuity, Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity with and without glare, Randot stereoacuity, and 60 degrees Humphrey visual fields. RESULTS: Visual function decreased linearly with age for the acuity, contrast sensitivity, glare, and visual field tests. Stereoacuity remained constant into the mid-70s and declined at an accelerating rate thereafter. Black participants had lower contrast sensitivity, reduced stereoacuity, and worse visual fields, at all ages compared to white participants; however, white participants were more sensitive to glare. The overall prevalence of visual acuity impairment in blacks was 5.6% versus 3.0% for whites, using the traditional United States definition (worse than 20/40 to better than 20/200) and 3.3% for blacks versus 1.6% for whites, using the World Health Organization definition (worse than 20/60 to 20/400). Acuity was correlated moderately with contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity, and visual fields (Spearman rho = 0.50, 0.35, and 0.34, respectively). The correlation between acuity and glare sensitivity was low (rho = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: Many aspects of visual function, not just acuity, decline with age. Black participants have more visual impairement than do white participants for all tests except glare sensitivity. The prevalence of visual acuity impairement in the Salisbury Eye Evaluation population is lower than that reported by other studies using similar test procedures. Low-to-moderate correlations among vision test scores suggest that several different dimensions of visual function are being assessed.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

The association of postoperative subjective visual function with acuity, glare, and contrast sensitivity in patients with early cataract.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown in our previous studies that early cataracts affect vision in ways that can be measured by objective means and that this objective impairment in visual acuity, glare, and contrast sensitivity can be successfully reversed by cataract surgery. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of subjective visual function with objective measures of acuity, glare, and contrast sensitivity in patients who were symptomatic from early cataract. METHODS: We administered a task-oriented questionnaire prior to and 4 months after cataract surgery to patients who were symptomatic from early cataract (median preoperative ETDRS [Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study] visual acuity of 20/40 [range, 20/20 to 20/80]); ETDRS visual acuity, disability glare, and contrast sensitivity were also measured at those times. RESULTS: Uncomplicated cataract surgery resulted in resolution or improvement of subjective symptoms for the great majority of subjects, and in a few subjects new symptoms developed or current symptoms worsened. We found a positive association between postoperative improvement in subjective visual function (as measured by the questionnaire) and postoperative improvement in objective visual function (as measured by visual acuity and contrast sensitivity). We also found that the greater the degree of preoperative impairment in objective visual function (as measured by visual acuity and contrast sensitivity), the greater the postoperative improvement in subjective visual function (as measured by the questionnaire). No such association was found for our disability glare test. CONCLUSIONS: Cataract surgery for symptomatic individuals with mild impairment in visual acuity does relieve visual symptoms, and preoperative measurement of contrast sensitivity can help determine who with early cataract is most likely to report subjective improvement in vision.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Fixation patterns and reading rates in eyes with central scotomas from advanced atrophic age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease.

PURPOSE: To study fixation patterns and reading rates in eyes with central scotomas from geographic atrophy (GA) of age-related macular degeneration and to compare fixation patterns with those of patients with Stargardt disease. METHODS: Scanning laser ophthalmoscope analysis of fixation patterns in eyes with 20/80 to 20/200 visual acuity. Included were 41 eyes of 35 patients with GA and 10 eyes of 5 patients with Stargardt disease. The patients with GA also were tested for maximum reading rate, and the size of the areas of atrophy were measured by fundus photograph analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-three percent of GA eyes fixating outside the atrophy placed the scotoma to the right of fixation in visual field space, 22% placed the scotoma above fixation, and 15% placed it to the left, regardless of the laterality of the GA eye. Fixation was stable in subsequent years of testing for scotoma placement to the right of or above fixation. All GA eyes fixated immediately adjacent to the atrophy. In contrast, seven of ten eyes with Stargardt disease fixated at a considerable distance from the scotoma border, with the dense scotoma far above the fixation site in visual field space. For the patients with GA, the maximum reading rate was highly correlated with size of the atrophic area, but not with age or visual acuity within the limited visual acuity range tested. There was a trend to more rapid reading with the scotoma above fixation and slower reading with the scotoma to the left. CONCLUSION: There is a preference for fixation with the scotoma to the right in eyes with GA. Patients with Stargardt disease use different strategies for fixation, perhaps due to subclinical pathology adjacent to the atrophic regions. The size of the atrophic area in GA plays the predominant role in reading rate for eyes that have already lost foveal vision.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Functional decline in older adults: expanding methods of ascertainment.

BACKGROUND: There is substantial interest in the prevention of physical disability associated with aging. However, little is known about how to screen for declining function at sufficiently early stages to prevent frank disability. This work provides an initial description and assessment of a new self-report method for measuring function in older adults which complements standard methods and may be sensitive to subtler degrees of disablement than currently employed methods. We operationalize the method and demonstrate that it identifies a meaningful number of people as potentially disabled who are not identified by standard methods; also, we evaluate the method's reliability and validity for identifying subtle functional decline relative to existing methods. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, observational study of a volunteer population of 231 adults 59 years and older, evaluated in a multidisciplinary laboratory. Self-reported difficulty and dependency in each of 27 tasks of daily life were assessed as the measure of disability. Those without difficulty were evaluated for other functional change, by self-report, defined as either: (a) modification of method, or (b) decreased frequency of task performance, when due to health rather than change in social circumstances. Prevalence, test-retest reliability, construct, and criterion validity were evaluated. RESULTS: In a study population in which from 1% to 50% of participants reported difficulty with each of 27 tasks, from 2% to 33% reported modification of task performance while not having difficulty. Few participants reported decreased frequency without modification. Persons with task modifications, particularly in mobility tasks, showed intermediate levels of performance on objectively measured tests and an intermediate number of chronic diseases, compared to those reporting difficulty and those reporting neither difficulty nor modification. CONCLUSIONS: Cross-sectional evidence supports the ability of the proposed method to identify meaningful numbers of people with functional decline who were not identified by standard self-report methods. In some cases, these were individuals with functional losses comparable to those who did report difficulty. In other cases, these may have been individuals with earlier functional loss, perhaps representing a preclinical stage of disability. Prospective evaluation will identify whether this method predicts the onset of difficulty or disability, and whether it predicts decline with sufficient precision to identify at-risk individuals in a clinical setting.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

Landmark-driven fundus perimetry using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope.

PURPOSE: To present a new method of performing scanning laser ophthalmoscope perimetry that compensates for eye movements so that the correct retinal location is tested even if fixation changes. This allows for accurate testing of patients with central scotomas and for repeating testing longitudinally at the same retinal locations even if central fixation is lost. METHODS: The operator views the retina and selects a retinal landmark, such as a vessel bifurcation, that can be identified easily. A testing strategy is preselected, and the computer saves the landmark and stimulus coordinates. To present each stimulus, the operator positions a cursor over the retinal landmark, and the computer adjusts the site of presentation of the stimulus for any change in landmark position caused by an eye movement. At the conclusion of the testing, the results are displayed in the proper retinal location on a fundus image. RESULTS: Sixty-seven eyes with macular disease were tested with the landmark-driven method, using the same preplanned strategy for each eye for both a bright and a dim stimulus. There was a low rate of inconsistent points (seen with dim but not bright stimuli), and virtually all of these bordered a dense scotoma. Those eyes with more inconsistent points had a significantly greater percentage of dense scotoma points and significantly lower visual acuity. The technique significantly corrected error in retinal localization resulting from large eye movement. There is no significant rotation or magnification change during the procedure, so specifying the change in location of one landmark is sufficient to describe movement of the retina. The technique is rapid and easy to administer to elderly patients and to children. CONCLUSIONS: This technique allows for accurate and repeatable measures of retinal sensitivity in specific locations. It is useful in following change over time. It can be developed further to allow for fully automated, retinally correct testing.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Low vision reading with sequential word presentation.

Individuals with scotomas in the center of their visual fields usually read much more slowly than visually impaired individuals without central scotomas. This study determines the extent to which inefficient eye movements could account for this difference. Using a technique described previously [Rubin and Turano (1992) Vision Research, 32, 895-902] text was presented sequentially, one word at a time at the same location in the visual field. Reading performance for rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) was compared to conventional text presentation (PAGE) in 14 subjects with dense central scotomas (central field loss, CFL) and 9 without central scotomas (noCFL). Reading rates were faster with RSVP compared to PAGE, but CFL subjects improved less (by a factor of 1.5 +/- 0.41) than noCFL subjects (by a factor of 2.1 +/- 0.38). When reading rate (words/min) was converted to average word duration (msec/word) the reduction in word duration for RSVP compared to PAGE text averaged 150 msec for normal subjects, 171 msec for noCFL subjects, and 250 msec for CFL subjects. We hypothesized that the reduction in word duration was attributable to a reduced number of saccades/word. We confirmed this hypothesis by measuring the number of saccades during RSVP and PAGE reading using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope in four subjects with CFL. All of the subjects made fewer saccades during RSVP than PAGE reading (average reduction = 1.3 +/- 0.5 saccades/word). But even with the reduced number of saccades, CFL subjects required longer word durations than noCFL subjects. These results indicate that inefficient eye movements account for only part of the reduction in reading speed caused by CFL. An additional and potentially more important factor is the limited rate at which peripheral retina can perform the pattern decoding tasks required for reading.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Visual impairment and disability in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that reduced visual acuity is associated with functional dependence in older persons. The purpose of this study was to determine whether components of vision impairment besides reduced acuity contribute to reduced functional independence. METHODS: Community dwelling adults aged 65 years and older were administered a battery of vision tests including distance acuity, letter contrast sensitivity, disability glare, and stereoacuity. A physical function questionnaire assessed self-reported difficulty with activities of daily living (ADL's), Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL's), and mobility activities. A visual function questionnaire assessed self-reported difficulty with a wide variety of everyday visual activities. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that reduced acuity and reduced contrast sensitivity were independently associated with an overall vision disability score. Acuity was associated with difficulty in tasks requiring good resolution and adaption to changing light conditions, whereas contrast sensitivity was associated with difficulty in tasks requiring distance judgments, night driving, and mobility. Glare and stereoacuity were not associated with self-reported disability. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced acuity and contrast sensitivity are significant risk factors for self-reported disability.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1994

Visual stabilization of posture in the elderly: fallers vs. nonfallers.

BACKGROUND: Postural instability is one of the important contributors to falling in observers aged 65 years and older. In this study we examine the role of vision in the relation between postural stability and falling, as well as in the relation between postural stability and the fear of falling. METHODS: Community-dwelling adults 65 years and older were administered a questionnaire about their history of falls and fear of falling (N = 185). Postural sway was measured in the same subjects with eyes open and eyes closed. Visual function was assessed by measures of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. RESULTS: The 29 subjects who reported falling in the last year showed less of a visual contribution to posture stabilization than those who reported no falls. Controlling for age and gender, there is a 2.13-fold increase in the likelihood of reporting falling for a 0.1 decrement in the visual stabilization index when it is measured within the context of reliable somatosensory feedback. Those who reported a fear of falling and those who reported no fear showed similar visual stabilization. Contrast sensitivity was significantly associated with visual stabilization when it was measured within the context of reliable somatosensory feedback. CONCLUSIONS: The visual contribution to postural stabilization is significantly greater in nonfallers compared to fallers, and it is significantly associated with contrast sensitivity.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of acuity, contrast sensitivity, and disability glare before and after cataract surgery.

We assessed vision before and after uncomplicated extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in 72 symptomatic patients with acuity equal to or better than 20/80 and no other ocular abnormality. Contrast sensitivity was measured with the Pelli-Robson Letter Chart (Metropia Ltd, Cambridge, England) and disability glare was measured under daytime conditions with the Brightness Acuity Tester (Mentor O&O Inc, Norwell, Mass) and under nighttime conditions with a computer-controlled video display. Prior to surgery there was significant disability glare that was not correlated with acuity. There was also a loss in contrast sensitivity that was moderately correlated with acuity (r = -.43; P < .001). Following surgery, most patients' scores returned to normal on all tests. Improvement in disability glare and contrast sensitivity was independent of improvement in acuity. Furthermore, patients with the poorest preoperative vision were as likely to regain normal function after surgery as those with the best preoperative vision.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Visual function after surgery for early cataract.

Glare disability and contrast sensitivity loss can be present in cataract patients with minimally reduced visual acuity. Objective and subjective visual function was analyzed in 72 patients (mean visual acuity = 20/40) before and after cataract surgery. Following surgery, most subjects regained normal function in all tests. Improvement in contrast sensitivity and reduction of glare disability were independent of preoperative visual acuity. Subjective improvement in visual function was predicted by acuity and contrast sensitivity tests.

Cataract↗

PubMed1993

Reading with low vision.

Most low vision patients express a desire to read standard print as easily and as quickly as possible. There are a multitude of visual factors that can interfere with reading, yet we have only an incomplete understanding of these factors. These include the relationship between acuity, magnification, and reading performance, the role of eye movements in low vision reading, and the effect of central scotomas on reading performance. We describe current research in each of these areas, and discuss their potential clinical implications.

Eye Movements↗