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Biomedical subjects

G W Burgess

Publications and source records attributed to G W Burgess.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Monoclonal antibodies to Kunjin and Kokobera viruses.

Five monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) were produced to the envelope (E) protein of Kunjin (KUN) virus. Three of these were specific for the KUN/West Nile complex, and two reacted with epitopes that were common to the flavivirus family. These MoAb defined at least four distinct epitopes on the E protein of KUN virus. Eight MoAb were also produced to unidentified proteins of Kokobera (KOK) virus. Seven were specific for KOK, while the remaining antibody cross-reacted with Stratford virus and an unregistered flavivirus CS946. The application of these MoAb to arboviral surveillance is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Epitopes on 14S subunits, natural empty capsids and virions of bovine enteroviruses.

Eighteen monoclonal antibodies were produced against three Australian bovine enterovirus serogroups. Based on their binding patterns to 14S subunits, natural empty capsids and virions of 4 selected viral isolates (K2577, SL305, 66/27, J2129) in two types of quantitative ELISAs, the 18 antibodies were shown to belong to four groups. Due to the specific reaction of monoclonal antibodies, the four groups likely react with four epitopes. The first epitope was shown mainly on the surface of isolate K2577. The second and the third epitopes were common epitopes shared by all four isolates. These epitopes presented equally well on 14S subunits, natural empty capsids and virions. The fourth epitope was present mainly on the natural empty capsids and shared by most, but not all isolates. The four epitopes seem to be conformation dependent epitopes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against bovine enterovirus.

A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detecting antibodies against bovine enterovirus (BEV) in bovine sera. In this ELISA, bovine serum samples were allowed to react with captured viral antigens (by specific chicken IgG), before the addition of specific mouse IgG for measuring non-occupied viral epitopes. The ELISA was slightly more sensitive and required a shorter time period than traditional serum neutralisation (SN). Among the 871 bovine serum samples tested so far, the titres produced by this assay had a significant correlation with those recorded by SN. The ELISA could be used as an alternative assay for SN in a large-scale BEV antibody investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Epitope analysis of the envelope and non-structural glycoproteins of Murray Valley encephalitis virus.

Previous studies have shown that antibodies produced against strategic flavivirus epitopes play an important role in recovery and immunity. Definition of the conformation and location of these epitopes and the degree of their conservation among flaviviruses is important to understanding the humoral response to flavivirus infection. In this study we have examined epitopes recognized by 14 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) produced to the envelope (E) and non-structural (NS1) proteins of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE). These antibodies were analysed for specificity, neutralization, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and competitive binding. We have identified six distinct epitopes on the E protein which are located in four non-overlapping domains. MAbs to epitopes in one domain neutralized virus, were specific for MVE and Japanese encephalitis virus, and reacted with epitopes resistant to reduction. Two other E domains, one specific to MVE and the other shared by all flaviviruses, also contained neutralization sites and were stabilized by disulphide bonds. The fourth domain on E was conserved among the flaviviruses, sensitive to SDS denaturation and did not induce neutralizing antibody. Studies with MVE NS1 MAbs revealed that they were mostly type-specific, unreactive with conserved epitopes, and unreactive in HI and neutralization tests. The six epitopes identified on NS1 did not overlap and represent antigenic domains either resistant or sensitive to reduction. Immunoblotting of viral proteins in MVE-infected C6/36 cells revealed two distinct forms of NS1 and high Mr proteins of 97K and 108K that represented disulphide-linked heterodimers of E and NS1.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Detection of immunological tolerance to bovine spumavirus (BSV) with evidence for salivary excretion and spread of BSV from the tolerant animal.

A group of 17 Friesian-Holstein steers held in individual pens was examined for evidence of infection with bovine spumavirus (BSV). Serum was examined for specific antibody by 2 serological procedures, and circulatory leucocytes and throat swabs were examined for the presence of circulatory leucocyte-associated BSV (CLAB) and saliva-associated BSV (SAB). Initial tests showed that 7 of the 17 steers had specific antibody to BSV by both serological procedures, and a further steer developed such antibody during the first 3 months of holding the animals in single contiguous pens. All 8 of these specific antibody-positive steers were CLAB positive and SAB negative. Nine steers showed no specific antibody to BSV by either of the 2 serological procedures; 8 of these 9 steers showed no evidence of CLAB or SAB. The exception was one steer which was CLAB- and SAB-positive at each of 30 samplings taken over a period of 9 months observation, whilst remaining specific-antibody free. This steer was classed as immunologically tolerant of BSV, and epidemiological data suggested that lateral spread of infection had originated from this animal through the agency of saliva.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Type-specific monoclonal antibodies produced to proteins of Murray Valley encephalitis virus.

Two monoclonal antibodies have been produced to the flavivirus, Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE). Immunofluorescent antibody and ELISA tests revealed that one antibody was specific for MVE while the other cross-reacted weakly with Alfuy and Kunjin viruses. These antibodies have neither haemagglutination inhibition nor neutralising activity. One of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with the envelope glycoprotein (E) and a 45,000 MW protein, while the other reacted with a protein of 23,000 daltons. Competitive binding assays confirmed that these antibodies reacted with unrelated epitopes.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1987

An enzyme immunoassay to detect Australian flaviviruses and identify the encephalitic subgroup using monoclonal antibodies.

An antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to detect antigens of Australian flaviviruses in mosquito pools, suckling mouse brain and infected cell culture supernatant fluid. A monoclonal antibody reactive to an epitope on the envelope glycoprotein common to all flaviviruses was used as the capture antibody. Purified rabbit IgG, produced against Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus, which reacted with eight Australian flaviviruses in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and in an indirect fluorescent antibody test, was used as the indicator antibody in direct and indirect antigen-capture ELISA. A monoclonal antibody specific for a subgroup of encephalitic flaviviruses was conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and used as the indicator antibody to distinguish MVE, Kunjin and Alfuy viruses from the remainder tested. This ELISA could detect viral antigen in mosquito cell culture fluids and suckling mouse brain preparations at titres as low as 1000 TCID50/100 microliters. Viral antigen in a single mosquito infected with MVE could be detected in a pool of 500.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of bovine serum antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea virus.

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in bovine serum. The ELISA results were compared with those of the serum neutralisation test (SNT) using serums from 6 experimentally infected calves bled at intervals from 0 to 154 days postinfection and 886 field samples. The optical density (OD) produced by a single dilution of test serum was compared with a standard curve and the result expressed in ELISA units. Despite wide variation between absolute ELISA and SNT results, an agreement of 97% was obtained when reciprocal SNT titres greater than or equal to 8 and ELISA units greater than or equal to 10 were taken as indicative of a specific reaction. The ELISA was shown to be an efficient method of measuring antibody in bovine serum samples and would assist in any large scale screening of cattle herds for BVDV antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Experimental infection of goats with Brucella ovis.

Six goats were inoculated with Brucella ovis. Two goats were inoculated with infected semen by the intratesticular route and 2 each by installation of the semen on to the nasal or preputial epithelium. All goats produced antibody responses as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure and the serums of 5 goats reacted in complement fixation tests for B. ovis. The 2 goats inoculated by the intratesticular route and one receiving B. ovis instilled intranasally subsequently excreted B. ovis in their semen. The possibility of natural transmission is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Brucella ovis specific antibody in ram sera.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Brucella ovis specific antibody in ram serum was compared with the currently employed complement fixation test (CFT). Rabbit anti-sheep IgG coupled to horseradish peroxidase was used as the antibody-enzyme conjugate and 2,2'-azino-di[3-ethylbenzthiazolin sulphonate (6)] as the substrate. The ratio of the optical density at 414 nm for positive and negative control sera (P/N ratio) was used to optimise the parameters of the test. Ram serum samples (16,527) were tested using ELISA and CFT (warm and cold) over a one year period. The ELISA was more sensitive and provided a more reliable measure of B ovis specific antibody than did the CFT. Implications of employing ELISA as the sole test in an eradication scheme are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Trial of three-day and ten-day courses of amoxycillin in otitis media.

A randomised double-blind controlled trial compared three-day and 10-day courses of amoxycillin (25 mg/kg daily) in children with otitis media. Seventeen doctors from five centres admitted 84 children between the ages of 2 and 10 years. Symptoms and signs were measured on admission to the trial, on day 3, and on day 15. Mother's observations were recorded daily for 10 days. Audiograms were performed at four and 12 weeks after the end of the trial. The treatment groups showed little difference in the speed of resolution of symptoms and signs, the numbers of primary treatment failures, or the frequency of recurrent ear infections. There were no complications in either group. Most children with otitis media can probably be successfully and safely treated with no more than a three-day course of amoxycillin providing their progress is reviewed about the fifth or sixth day after treatment started. This policy could save over 1 million pounds annually in antibiotic costs.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1982

Ovine contagious epididymitis: a review.

Ovine contagious epididymitis is predominantly associated with Brucella ovis, Actinobacillus seminis and a variety of organisms including Histophilus ovis. Transmission occurs venereally or by homosexual activity and, in the case of Actinobacillus seminis, ewe to lamb transmission is probably important. A chronic infection, mainly in the cauda epididymis may result in formation of spermatic granulomata and a reduction in ram fertility. Eradication of ovine brucellosis can be achieved by serological testing using a complement-fixation test in conjunction with palpation of lesions and removal of reactors. Vaccination to control ovine brucellosis is advocated in some countries. The nomenclature of the group of Gram-negative pleomorphic organisms to which Actinobacillus seminis and Histophilus ovis belong is urgently in need of review. This paper reviews the organisms capable of producing ovine contagious epididymitis, the pathogenesis of the condition as well as methods of diagnosis and control.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of the cold complement fixation test for diagnosis of ovine brucellosis.

A cold complement fixation test for ovine brucellosis in which fixation of complement occurs for 16 h at 4 degrees C was compared with the conventional warm complement fixation test in which fixation takes place for 40 minutes at 37 degrees C. The cold complement fixation test detected experimentally infected animals up to one week sooner than the warm complement fixation test and the titres were approximately one twofold dilution higher. Similar results were obtained when the 2 tests were compared using 11,922 serum samples collected from 700 ram flocks over a 2-year period. False positive reactions were observed in less than 0.1% of cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Epidemiological studies on ovine brucellosis in selected ram flocks.

The epidemiology of ovine brucellosis was investigated in 6 ram flocks in which anomalous reactions to the complement fixation test was recorded. It was shown that rams can become infected as young as 4 months of age. Naturally infected animals have an epididymitis and excrete Brucella ovis in their semen or they may only show a serological response for a short time then recover. The base line titres of chronically infected animals stay relatively constant. The importance of abortive infection and possible reinfection is discussed.

Animals↗