PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

G W Howe

Publications and source records attributed to G W Howe.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Depression and control beliefs in relation to reemployment: what are the directions of effect?

Depressive symptoms, locus of control, and reemployment were assessed over the course of 1 year among 254 recently unemployed men and women. Individual growth curve modeling and discrete-time survival analyses were used to examine (a) whether reemployment resolved depressive symptoms or affected control beliefs, (b) whether depressive symptoms or control beliefs predicted time to reemployment, and (c) if these relationships changed over time. Depressive symptom declines were predicted by reemployment, but initial depression was completely unrelated to time to reemployment. Control beliefs were stable over time and thus not affected by reemployment. Instead, they predicted early reemployment. These processes varied according to reemployment type and time period. Implications for intervention and for stress and coping theory are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between perceptual differences of parenting and adolescent antisocial behavior and depressive symptoms.

The relation between adolescent negative adjustment and differences in parent-child ratings of parents' warmth and negativity was examined with a national sample of 720 families. It was predicted that perceptual differences (PDs) would be linked to more negative adjustment. Adjustment was regressed on PDs, which were calculated as absolute differences between parent and child ratings of parenting. Results showed that PDs were significantly associated with adjustment independent of the level of parenting behavior. Associations differed by gender for PDs over maternal verbal aggression. Some of the most important results were curvilinear effects indicating that both high and low, but not medium, levels of PDs are linked with maladjustment. Finally, differences between younger and older adolescents were found: The linear relationship between PDs over parental negativity and maladjustment disappeared for older adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Adolescents' relationships to siblings and mothers: a multivariate genetic analysis.

Research has consistently demonstrated that children's behavior toward their siblings tends to resemble interactions occurring in the parent-child relationship. This study examined the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to the covariation between sibling relationships and mother-adolescent relationships. Reported and observed family interactions were assessed for 719 same-sex sibling pairs of varying degrees of genetic relatedness. The covariance between mother-adolescent and sibling interactions was decomposed into genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental components. The overlapping effects of shared environment on the two relationship subsystems explained most of the covariance. Smaller but significant genetic and nonshared environmental effects were also found. The consistency of these findings with family processes, such as modeling, is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The importance of shared environmental influences in explaining the overlap between mother's parenting and sibling relationships: reply to Neale (1999)

This article addresses concerns raised by M. C. Neale (1999) in his commentary on the D. A. Bussell et al. (1999) Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) study. These concerns fall into two categories: (a) model assumptions and sample design and (b) testing of alternative models. The validity of the assumptions of quantitative genetic models is a concern for all researchers in this area. Discussion of those assumptions in this reply is brief and focuses on those most relevant to the NEAD sample. The two alternative models proposed by Neale were designed to provide alternatives to the large shared environmental effect found in the original report of Bussell et al. Because these alternative models did not provide a better fit, the appropriateness of Bussell et al.'s basic model and the importance of shared environmental influences for explaining the association among family subsystems are supported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Genetic questions for environmental studies. Differential parenting and psychopathology in adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Recent genetic evidence suggests that the most important environmental influences on normal and pathologic development are those that are not shared by siblings in the same family. We sought to determine the relationship between differences in parenting styles and depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior in adolescence, and to compare the influence of these nonshared experiences with genetic influences. METHODS: We studied 708 families with at least two same-sexed adolescent siblings who were monozygotic twins (93 families), dizygotic twins (99 families), ordinary siblings (95 families), full siblings in step families (181 families), half siblings in step families (110 families), and genetically unrelated siblings in step families (130 families). Data on parenting style were collected by questionnaire and by video recording of interaction between parents and children. RESULTS: Almost 60% of variance in adolescent antisocial behavior and 37% of variance in depressive symptoms could be accounted for by conflictual and negative parental behavior directed specifically at the adolescent. In contrast, when a parent directed harsh, aggressive, explosive, and inconsistent parenting toward the sibling, we found less psychopathologic outcome in the adolescent. CONCLUSIONS: Parenting behavior directed specifically at each child in the family is a major correlate of symptoms in adolescents. Furthermore, harsh parental behavior directed at a sibling may have protective effects for adolescents, a phenomenon we call the "siblin barricade."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Neurological trauma and family functioning: toward a social neuropsychology.

Griffin and Greene ("Social Interaction and Symptom Sequences," this issue) present evidence linking patterns of family interaction with the expression of disease symptoms, in this case orofacial bradykinesia in a patient with Parkinson's disease. They argue that symptom expression may be influenced by family interaction for many diseases or chronic conditions and advocate the use of behavioral observation and microanalytic coding of behavior sequences as a means of studying this linkage. They note that the success of this approach will depend on the temporal characteristics of symptom fluctuation and suggest that observational strategies will be primarily useful for studying symptoms that fluctuate across seconds or minutes rather than across days. What kinds of conditions might this include? Griffin and Greene mention three categories: (1) mental and emotional disorders; (2) chronic pain; (3) neurological conditions.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Adolescent adjustment to chronic physical disorders--I. Comparing neurological and non-neurological conditions.

Early research on child adjustment to chronic illness assumed that each condition had a unique impact. Recently researchers have suggested that all chronic conditions influence adjustment in similar ways. To compare these models, data were collected on 165 adolescents having chronic conditions with and without brain involvement, and 49 healthy controls. Adolescents with brain-based conditions had more behaviour problems, less autonomous functioning and poorer school achievement. Children with conditions having no brain involvement differed from controls only in reporting less work experience and having lower math achievement scores. These findings support a modified perspective that involves both general factors and effects specific to brain-based conditions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Mothers' attributions and expectancies regarding their conduct-disordered children.

As an extension of Patterson's family coercion model, we hypothesized that parental attributions about the causes of child misbehavior and parental expectancies concerning the effectiveness of parenting techniques are involved in the establishment and maintenance of coercive exchanges. Mothers of 40 conduct-disordered children and 40 matched control children completed questionnaires measuring their attributions regarding the causes of their children's misbehavior and their expectations concerning the general and personal effectiveness of parenting techniques. Results supported the hypotheses: parents of conduct-disordered children were more likely to regard their children's misbehavior as intentional and to attribute it to stable, global causes beyond the parents' control. They also were less likely to see their own parenting as effective. We speculate that these parents hold cognitive stances of blame and helplessness that contribute to aversive parent behavior as well as to parent withdrawal in the face of escalating child aggressiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The psychosocial review: evaluating development and implementation in a family practice residency.

This paper presents a comprehensive system for family physicians to use in integrating psychological and social dimensions into everyday practice. Called the Psychosocial Review, this set of techniques includes a structured format for gathering information, making goal-focused assessments, and developing treatment plans. A framework for training family practice residents in the system is detailed. A research project evaluating the application of this program in two resident office practices is described. Results indicated that residents acquired information-gathering skills, but remained deficient in incorporating data into assessment and treatment. Implications for training are discussed, with the conclusion that a collaborative effort between behavioral science faculty and family physician faculty, including an emphasis on direct observation and supervision, appears to be the most promising approach to training family practice residents in behavioral science.

Behavior↗
PubMed1981

Electrocardiographic training in primary care residency programs.

To evaluate ECT interpretation in physicians training for primary care, we tested residents in two residency programs (one internal medicine, one family medicine) for their ability to interpret ECGs produced in an ambulatory practice. An 18-item examination used abnormal tracings from a university hospital ambulatory unit, including six technical problems generated in the daily operation of the unit. Ability increased with advancing graduate level; however, performance for both internal medicine and family medicine residents fell short of the expected level. Residents completing training in both programs incorrectly interpreted many of the technical problems (eg, limb lead reversal) as well as the usual ECG diagnoses (eg, acute pericarditis). This study suggests that ECG training of primary care residents should be supplemented to meet specific needs of the ambulatory component of primary care practice.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A parent aide program: record keeping, outcomes, and costs.

As the use of parent aides grows, it is important that plans for developing and administering the services be carefully drawn to enhance the service. The record-keeping system described here evolved in direct response to program objectives and has helped maintain those objectives. It should be emphasized that although the procedures involved appear time consuming and perhaps troublesome, they play an important part in saving program time overall and making an effective service available to as many clients as possible. When the costs of parent aides are compared with those of other services, the results show that the time-limited, goal-oriented focus of this program allows effective services to be delivered economically.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The roles of the social worker in permanency planning.

The authors demonstrate how the theory of permanency planning becomes permanency planning practice. They outline the roles and tasks of the worker who is doing permanency planning, and illustrate them with a case example.

Child↗