Biomedical subjects
G W Lasker
Publications and source records attributed to G W Lasker.
Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB) excretion in urine of residents of eight communities in the states of Michoacán and Oaxaca, Mexico.
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Isonymy (recurrence of the same surnames in affinal relatives): a comparison of rates calculated from pedigrees, grave markers and death and birth registers.
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The occurrence of identical (isonymous) surnames in various relationships in pedigrees: a preliminary analysis of the relation of surname combinations to inbreeding.
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Age, environment and migration: further anthropometric findings on migrant and non-migrant Mexicans.
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Variances of bodily measurements in the offspring of natives of and immigrants to three Peruvian towns.
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The genetic structure of English villages: surname diversity changes between 1976 and 1997.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the change in the coefficient of relationship by isonymy (Ri) over a 21-year period. RESEARCH DESIGN: Ri was calculated from the surnames of males in the registers of electors for 15 villages near Oxford in 1976 and again in 1997. The within-residence component reflected the number of adult men of the same surname resident at the same address while the between-resident component of Ri was calculated by counting only one name of any surname at each address listed in the registers. RESULTS: Ri tended to decrease during the 21-year-period in 14 of the 15 villages and the between-resident component of Ri also tended to decrease in 14 of the villages. The within-residence component decreased in a statistically non-significant proportion (11 of the 15 villages). CONCLUSIONS: This study, in keeping with some but not all other surveys, showed that there was a tendency for random isonymy to decline in the 20th century. The reduction in the between-residence component can be accounted for by migration into the villages.
The structure of the human population of the Isles of Scilly: inferences from surnames and birthplaces listed in census and marriage records.
Investigation of the commonality of surnames among the isles of Scilly using data covering the period from 1726 to the present, yields coefficients of relationship by isonymy which are compared with measures of relationship based on marital migration rates. The coefficients of relationship, calculated from lists of surnames in the marriage registers, and from lists of male surnames from the 1851 and 1871 censuses, are higher than any values yet reported for other British populations. However, the coefficient of relationship between the islands as a whole and the mainland of England and Wales is similar to the values reported for other English populations. Comparison of coefficients of relationship by marital isonymy show an overall decrease in the frequency of such marriages over time and a slight tendency to avoid marriages between close relatives. The lack of correlation between coefficients of relationship by random isonymy and marital migration rates derived from the census data is believed to be due to fluctuations in marriage patterns over time, the marital migration rates accounting for single generational patterns, while the coefficients of relationship by isonymy reflect the accumulated breeding structure. The chief influences on the coefficients of relationship appear to have been the founder effect, coupled with a long history of inter-island marriage but a high rate of endogamy from the islands as a whole.
Secular trends in relationship as estimated by surnames: a study of a Tyneside parish.
From the surnames of 21 132 individuals baptised in the Tyneside parish of Whickham between 1577 and 1758, the extent to which individuals of different periods bear the same surname shows (1) a coefficient of correlation of +0.93 between data on males and females; (2) the highest rates between individuals of the same 26-year period, lower between adjacent periods and still lower between periods more separated in time; (3) an apparent tendency for the closeness of genetic interrelationship to decrease from the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and to level off with fluctuations through the mid-18th century. This drop was concurrent with military campaigns and epidemics which affected the parish, but preceded the industrial revolution with its possible effects on labour migrations.
Geographical distribution of common surnames in England and Wales.
Analysis of the geographical distribution of 84 common surnames indicated that nearly all surnames are not distributed at random, but show distinctive geographical patterning. Factor analysis also revealed that there were similarities between surname distributions. The first two factors highlighted primarily Welsh surnames while the third and fourth factors were generally north of England names, mainly those ending in 'son'.
Effects of social class differences and social mobility on growth in height, weight and body mass index in a British cohort.
By longitudinally linking follow-up restudies of the National Child Development Study it has been possible to examine not only the well-known association of social class with the size of the child, but also with longitudinal growth, and, in addition the effect of social mobility on growth. The relation of type of occupation of the male head of household to height and weight of the child is seen at all ages (7, 11 and 16) but class influence on growth from 7 years onward is minimal. Social mobility is a significant factor especially in relation to stature but is not significantly related to growth after age 7 so the effect of underlying conditions on the children precedes the change of type of occupation by their fathers.
A model for the study of sex-linked influences through the study of different classes of cousin pairs.
Higher positive correlations in certain classes of cousin pairs compared with others would imply sex-linked genetic factors. Thus Y-linked influences would raise correlations in patrilateral male cousins. X-linkage would raise correlation (to various extents) in male and mixed sex pairs where each male is related through his mother, for instance. Among female first cousins, however, patrilateral pairs have the highest degree of kinship and cross cousins the lowest in respect to X-linked genes.
Inbreeding coefficients from isonymy in the Italian-Greek villages.
There are four Italian-Greek communes in one area of Calabria and nine in an area of Apulia. The communes are too small to give good information on marital isonymy for each, but in the Calabrian area the weighted mean inbreeding coefficient and its random and non-random components are F = 0.01442, Fr = 0.00450 and Fn = 0.00997, respectively. The weighted means in the more populous Apulian area are significantly lower, F = 0.00423, Fr = 0.00379, Fn = 0.00045.
A spatial analysis of 100 surnames in England and Wales.
Spatial patterns are described and analysed for the 84 most common surnames in England and Wales, as well as 16 others selected for various reasons. At least three-quarters of the surname frequencies show spatial structure and are heterogeneous over the area of study. While they do not exhibit clines extending over the entire area of study, they do divide into four characteristics patterns. Spatial autocorrelation, while significant, is relatively low; similarity in surname frequency does not extend much beyond 100 km. Correlograms could be clustered to yield groups of surfaces denoting partial clines, isolation by distance, and differentiation at far distances. A method for detecting zones of rapid change found 21 such zones, mostly near the periphery of the study area. These boundaries do not indicate barriers to gene flow, but appear to be patterns brought about by historical factors. There are diffusion patterns between areas that differ greatly in surname composition, such as Wales and central England. There is little evidence of long-distance movements involving several surnames. At least three characteristic migration patterns, east-west and north-south diffusion and local dispersal, were found.
Calculating components of the coefficient of relationship.
The coefficient of relationship by isonymy is Ri=sigma(n(n-1)/2(N(N-1)) in which n is the number of persons of each surname and N=sigma n. Dividing Ri into two components, one for the contribution of co-residence (family size) and the other for diversity of surnames among residences is achieved by letting a1 represent sigma n(n-1) for all residents, a2 represent sigma n(n-1) after eliminating all but one individual of any name at any residence, and b1 represent 2N(N-1) for all residents. Then the component for inter-residence diversity is a2/b1 and the component for relationship by co-residence (including the interaction) is (a1-a2)/b1. By the same logic it is possible to calculate separately the interaction component, but the additional information seems of limited importance.
Relationships among companies of militia in the colony of New York in 1760 estimated by an analysis of their surnames.
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Genetics in the journal Human Biology.
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