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Biomedical subjects

G Young

Publications and source records attributed to G Young.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Acute-phase proteins in patients with head and neck cancer treated with interleukin 2/interferon alfa.

Circulating acute-phase proteins may mediate adverse reactions in patients receiving biologic response modifiers, including inhibition of immune responsiveness and clinical toxic effects. Nine patients with unresectable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were prospectively examined for levels of acute-phase proteins during interleukin 2/interferon alfa immunotherapy and for clinical toxic effects. Simultaneous determination of the in vitro immunomodulatory capacity of autologous serum on the induction of lymphokine-activated killer cells was assessed in 4-hour chromium release assays. Of the seven acute-phase proteins analyzed, haptoglobin and C-reactive protein levels were elevated before therapy was started. Toxic events leading to cessation of interleukin 2/interferon alfa therapy had a high correlation with elevated C-reactive protein and lowered C3 component of complement levels. No relationship was noted between serum levels of acute-phase proteins and induction inhibition of lymphokine-activated killer cell cytotoxicity. The role of C-reactive protein and complement degradation products in mediating interleukin 2/interferon alfa toxicity requires further investigation.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1992

Stimulation of coho salmon growth by insulin-like growth factor I.

The effect of insulin-like growth factor I on growth rate of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was examined. Juvenile coho salmon received implants of osmotic minipumps containing recombinant bovine insulin-like growth factor I (rbIGF-I) or saline for a period of 3 to 4 weeks. High doses of rbIGF-I (greater than 0.13 microgram.g-1.d-1) resulted in hypoglycemia and death. In 2-year-old coho salmon, 0.09 microgram.g-1.d-1 rbIGF-I administered for 25 days doubled linear growth rate and increased growth rate in weight by 40%. In rapidly growing, 1-year-old coho salmon, growth rate was not altered by rbIGF-I at 0.01 or 0.05 micrograms.g-1.d-1 for 31 days. In ration-limited fish exhibiting slow growth in the control group, rbIGF-I (0.02 microgram.g-1.d-1) increased linear growth rate by up to threefold and growth rate in weight by up to fourfold. The results indicate that exogenous treatment with mammalian IGF-I can stimulate coho salmon growth under some conditions, and that endogenous IGF-I may be an important factor in regulating growth of teleosts.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Regulation of hepatic growth hormone receptors in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).

Factors potentially regulating hepatic growth hormone (GH) receptors in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) have been investigated. From December to June of the first year, relative changes in hepatic 125I-sGH binding and 35SO4 incorporation by ceratobranchial cartilage were similar. Stunted salmon, which in seawater have elevated plasma GH yet fail to grow, showed lower hepatic 125I-sGH binding than did normally growing seawater salmon. However, MgCl2 treatment of stunts' membranes to reveal total specific binding of 125I-sGH indicated receptor occupation by endogenous sGH. Total specific 125I-sGH binding was low in seawater stunts and remained low if these fish remained unfed after return to fresh water, but increased approximately twofold upon feeding. Total specific binding in fasted salmon in fresh water showed a trend toward decreased levels by 1 week; by 3 weeks, binding was 40% lower than in fed fish. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.600) between condition factor and total specific binding in fed and fasted salmon in fresh water. Two weeks after hypophysectomy total specific binding was 50% lower than in sham-operated control salmon, indicating pituitary regulation of GH receptors. GH treatment reduced both free and total 125I-sGH binding in salmon examined 24 hr after treatment. Treatment with recombinant bovine insulin-like growth factor I, thyroxine, or cortisol did not affect free 125I-sGH binding. Both the pituitary and nutrition appear to be prime regulators of hepatic GH receptors in coho salmon.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Expression of activation antigens, HLA-DR and CD38, on CD8 lymphocytes during HIV-1 infection.

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of the activation markers human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and CD38 antigen on CD8+ T-lymphocytes in HIV-infected subjects and HIV-negative controls. DESIGN: Two- and three-colour flow-cytometric analysis. METHODS: Fresh peripheral venous blood was obtained from 16 HIV-infected subjects, representing four different stages of HIV disease, and from six HIV-negative controls. Three-colour lymphocyte immunophenotyping was performed using peridinyl chlorophyll-A protein (PerCP)-conjugated anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody (MAb) in combination with anti-HLA-DR (phycoerythrin) and anti-CD38 (fluorescein isothiocyanate) MAb. RESULTS: The relative percentage of the lymphocyte populations thus defined differed between HIV-negative and HIV-positive subjects and between HIV-infected subjects at different clinical stages of disease. Simultaneous expression of HLA-DR and CD38 within the CD8 T-lymphocyte compartment increased from 8% in controls to 49% in asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects (P less than 0.005). Symptomatic patients differed from asymptomatic seropositives by a further increase in the HLA-DR+ CD38+ CD8 subset. In AIDS patients, the HLA-DR+ CD38- CD8 subset decreased (P less than 0.05) and the HLA-DR- CD38+ CD8 subset increased (P less than 0.05), compared with the other HIV disease stage patients. CONCLUSION: There is a stage-associated pattern of HLA-DR and CD38 expression on CD8 T-lymphocytes during HIV infection; specific phenotypic patterns may have functional correlates in the host response to the virus.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
PubMed1992

Detection of regulatory factors of lymphokine-activated killer cell activity in head and neck cancer patients treated with interleukin-2 and interferon alpha.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha (INF-alpha) are biologic modifiers that have met with limited clinical success in the treatment of human malignancies. We conducted a phase 2 trial of IL-2-IFN-alpha in patients with advanced or unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Two patients were analyzed sequentially for serum induction phase-blocking factors of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity in their therapy. Serum also modulated LAK activity independent of autologous or allogeneic effector cells. Significantly inhibitory serum samples were stable in multiple freezings and thawings. Heat-treating the inhibitory serum, at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes, only partially removed the serum inhibitory capacity. Sequential analysis of p55 and p75, subunits of IL-2 receptors, showed that absence of effector cell lytic activity was associated with markedly decreased fluorescence of the IL-2Rp75 subunit only. No significant alteration of the IL-2Rp55 subunit occurred with therapy. These studies support the theory that lymphocyte and multiple serum factors, developing during IL-2-IFN-alpha therapy, regulate the induction of in vitro LAK activity. Further understanding of these factors may lead to improvements in biologic modifier therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Governing board structure, business strategy, and performance of acute care hospitals: a contingency perspective.

Contingency theory suggests that for a hospital governing board to be effective in taking on a more active role in strategic management, the board needs to be structured to complement the overall strategy of the organization. A survey study was conducted to examine the strategies of acute care hospitals as related to the structural characteristics of their governing boards. After controlling for organizational size and system membership, results indicated a significant relationship between the governing board structure of 109 acute care hospitals and their overall business strategy. Strategy also accounted for more of the variance in board structure than either organization size or system membership. Finally, the greater the match between board structure and hospital strategy, the stronger the hospitals' financial performance.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

The use of internal and external vascular conduits for correction of D-transposition of the great arteries and double-outlet right ventricle with pulmonary atresia.

Between 1967 and 1978, an 11-year-old boy had undergone 3 separate systemic-pulmonary artery shunt operations. Two of the 3 shunt operations failed. The patient was restudied because of progressive cyanosis and was diagnosed as having D-transposition of the great arteries and double-outlet right ventricle with pulmonary atresia. Repair was successfully accomplished with the use of an internal vascular conduit and an external vascular conduit with a glutaraldehyde-treated porcine valve. Four months after the corrective procedure, the patient's exercise tolerance had improved dramatically.

Bioprosthesis↗
PubMed1979

Medial deviation of the pelvic ureters after abdominoperineal resection of the rectum.

Pre- and postoperative urograms of 47 patients undergoing abdominoperineal resection were reviewed for ureteral deviation and obstruction. Postoperative medial deviation occurred in 11 patients (23.4%). Both ureters were involved in six of these patients. Ureteral deviation was identified as early as 3 days after surgery. Obstruction of the ureters occurred in four patients and was due to tumor in three of these.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1978

Extraosseous tumor uptake of 99m technetium phosphate compounds in children with abdominal neuroblastoma.

Sixteen patients with abdominal neuroblastoma had 99m Technetium Phosphate Compounds (99m TC-PC) bone scans as a preoperative evaluation for metastatic disease. Ten patients (62%) had extraosseous tumor uptake while six patients (38%) did not. There was no difference in the incidence of tumor calcification, tumor necrosis or hydronephrosis in the two groups. However, VMA levels were significantly higher in the group with extraosseous tumor uptake. Various bone seeking radionuclides are compared to 99m TC-PC and possible mechanism for extraosseous uptake of such radionuclides are postulated. Awareness of the frequency of such uptake should reduce the possibility of errors in the interpretation of bone scans in patients with neuroblastoma.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1977

An ethology-based catalogue of facial/vocal behaviour in infancy.

The ethological approach is suggested as a fruitful research strategy in the study of how infants express emotions. This approach led to the development of a large catalogue of facial/vocal behaviour which was used in the systematic observation of 75 girl and boy infants, who in the last quarter of the first year of life were placed in a series of standardized laboratory situations. Each of the 42 facial expressions contained in the catalogue is precisely defined according to the expressive elements of the brow, eyes, mouth and other facial regions. The vocalizations are also operationally defined. The possible ways that the facial expressions and vocalizations could be combined in the expression of emotional behaviour in infants are discussed.

Crying↗
PubMed1977

The effect of surgical operation on venous plasma free amino acids.

The effects of abdominal operation on the antecubital vein plasma amino acid concentration were examined. With four groups, each containing ten patients, factors such as severity of surgical operation, anesthesia, and postoperative nutrition were examined. Immediately after operation there is a fall in the plasma concentrations of most amino acids; the nonessential amino acids (glutamate, proline, glycine, alanine, histidine, and arginine) continue to fall during the 2 postoperative days, whereas the essential amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine, with tyrosine) are at higher concentration at 48 hours than immediately after operation. Comparison of a group of patients undergoing an operation of moderate severity (vagotomy and pyloroplasty or cholecystectomy) with those having the more severe procedure of resection of aortic aneurysm with Dacron graft replacement suggests that these general changes in amino acid concentrations do not appear to be due to the severity of the operation, although cystine levels were lower, and phenylalanine levels were higher, in the graft-replacement group. The changes did not appear to be the result of anesthesia. Increasing the postoperative glucose intake was associated with higher plasma alanine and lower methionine levels. It is suggested that, in surgical patients, cystine and tyrosine may become essential amino acids and rises in phenylalanine and methionine indicate transient liver dysfunction. The data give support to the view that a high calorie intake after operation has a beneficial effect.

Abdomen↗