Biomedical subjects

G van der Wal

Publications and source records attributed to G van der Wal.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

[The social security reform: wide-ranging effects on companies as well as occupational health services].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reactions of companies and Occupational Health Services (OHSs) to the reform of the social security system by the government of the Netherlands; especially to inventory to what extent intended effects (more handicapped workers employed, more reintegration efforts) and unintended effects (exclusion handicapped workers, deteriorated quality OHSs) occurred. DESIGN: Inventory survey. METHOD: Data on number of OHSs and their sizes and staff compositions were collected in September 1997 through a questionnaire sent to all members of the National Association of OHSs (BOA). In addition, data on efforts of enterprises in the area of working circumstances in 1996 and in 1997 were derived from the published results of enquiries by telephone among a representative random sample of 4,000 enterprises. RESULTS: The number of employees in the care of the OHSs was twice as high in 1997 as in 1991. The number of OHS staff members had also doubled, but the proportion of physicians among the total staff had decreased. The number of employees per physician had increased by 34%. The nature of the contracts concluded with enterprises shows that the extension of the market has not led to more extensive OHS care, although it has brought about greater variation. Generally, large companies developed a policy to prevent disability and to employ more handicapped workers, while small and medium-size companies more often tried to exclude people that is at risk for disability or absenteeism. CONCLUSION: Intended effects occurred to a limited extent in larger companies and unintended effects mainly in small and medium-size companies.

Disability Evaluation↗

PubMed1999

[Market effect on social security and occupational health services].

Between 1993 and 1998 a fundamental reform of the social security system and Occupational Health Services (OHSs) in the Netherlands was implemented in order to lower the relatively high sickness and disability rates. The principle of the government policy is to impose the financial consequences of incapacity for work as much as possible on those who cause it: employers and employees. The reform implies the creation of a market in both fields. Joining an OHS was made mandatory for all employers by ultimately the first of January 1998. Price and product competition between different suppliers of OHSs is promoted. This implies an explosive increase of the target population and the rise of commercial OHSs (which in 1997 provided for 570,000 employees). Other OHSs originated from industrial insurance boards (over 2 million) or from industrial health services (over 3 million). The change of system has increased the economic importance of sickness and health. The number of persons incapable for work has meanwhile grown, risk avoidance by enterprises being one of the causes. Owing to the enhanced interference of employers with absenteeism, the health care system is being asked for specific measures for employees and better contacts between industrial physicians and treating physicians.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed1999

[Professional integrity among commercial occupational health services].

In the field of Occupational Health Services (OHSs) a fundamental change of the regime of supply of services was implemented in the Netherlands between 1993 and 1998 by introducing market competition. This regime change is characterised as a shift from a suppliers' market where occupational physicians were able to determine the supply to a large extent, to a buyers' market where companies can choose from a large variety of services at different prices. The regime change does affect the position of the occupational physician drastically and many consider their professional integrity and independence threatened. To meet the demand for an independent judgement and advice in problems concerning the interaction between work and health, the professional group should organize itself more as a party in the market.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Consultants in cases of intended euthanasia or assisted suicide in The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how often physicians act as a consultant in the review of intended euthanasia and assisted suicide (EAS), by whom physicians are asked to act as a consultant, and the consultant's reasons for not agreeing with the intended performance of EAS. DESIGN: A retrospective descriptive study. SETTING: The Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: A stratified random sample of 405 Dutch physicians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of times the physician has been a consultant; how often a physician had previously been asked to be a consultant by the same treating physician; why consultants advised against EAS. RESULTS: 42% of interviewed physicians had acted as a consultant for EAS and 11% had been a consultant more than three times. Half the physicians who acted as a consultant more than once were invited to do so by the same attending physician, and 41% of consultants had previously consulted the attending physician. The main reasons consultants advised against EAS were because treatment options were still available, the patient's request was not well-considered or persistent, and the patient's suffering was not unbearable and hopeless. CONCLUSIONS: Many physicians have at some time been a consultant in a case of intended EAS, but only very few have been able to gain experience in consultancy. To guarantee high standards of consultation, it may be advisable to appoint and train specific consultants for EAS.

Euthanasia↗

PubMed1999

End-of-life decisions in neonates.

In a large percentage of the infants who die in the neonatal intensive care setting, an end-of-life decision was made before death, usually a decision to forego life-sustaining treatment. This was confirmed in a recent study in The Netherlands that showed also that a minority of cases include the administration of drugs to hasten death, usually in patients with severe congenital multiple or central nervous system anomalies. Over 80% of Dutch pediatricians support this option under certain conditions. Almost all pediatricians are of the opinion that these cases have to be subject to public review, but they favor review by a committee of independent medical, judicial, and ethical professionals rather than by the public prosecutor. A discussion group on this subject recently made a proposal for such a reviewing procedure to the Dutch governmental authorities and described the requirements concerning end-of-life decisions in neonatal medicine. Proper handling of ethical aspects of medical treatment including review and feedback after end-of-life decisions can contribute to high standards of quality of care.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1999

Assessment of physician-assisted death by members of the public prosecution in The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the factors that influence the assessment of reported cases of physician-assisted death by members of the public prosecution. DESIGN/SETTING: At the beginning of 1996, during verbal interviews, 12 short case-descriptions were presented to a representative group of 47 members of the public prosecution in the Netherlands. RESULTS: Assessment varied considerably between respondents. Some respondents made more "lenient" assessments than others. Characteristics of the respondents, such as function, personal-life philosophy and age, were not related to the assessment. Case characteristics, i.e. the presence of an explicit request, life expectancy and the type of suffering, strongly influenced the assessment. Of these characteristics, the presence or absence of an explicit request was the most important determinant of the decision whether or not to hold an inquest. CONCLUSIONS: Although the presence of an explicit request, life expectancy and the type of suffering each influenced the assessment, each individual assessment was dependent on the assessor. The resulting danger of legal inequality and legal uncertainty, particularly in complicated cases, should be kept to a minimum by the introduction of some form of protocol and consultation in doubtful or boundary cases. The notification procedure already promotes a certain degree of uniformity in the prosecution policy.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1999

Drugs used in physician-assisted death.

Epidemiological studies, case reports, and recommendations concerning the drugs used in physician-assisted death are reviewed in this paper. Using a MEDLINE and Cancerlit search, we found a total of 20 relevant publications. Recent research, mainly from the Netherlands, has shown that high doses of barbiturates are usually effective for physician-assisted suicide, while a combination of a barbiturate and a derivative of curare are effective for euthanasia. Opioids are less reliable drugs for physician-assisted death because of the unpredictable duration of the dying process even after high doses. The same applies to benzodiazepines. The most frequent undesired effect is an unexpectedly long dying process due to impaired uptake of the drugs. Although the evidence base is incomplete, the Dutch recommendations issued in 1994 and renewed in 1998 do not seem inappropriate.

Euthanasia↗

PubMed1998

Cases of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide among AIDS patients reported to the Public Prosecutor in North Holland.

BACKGROUND: Euthanasia is performed relatively frequently among AIDS patients. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between euthanasia and physician assisted suicide (EAS) and AIDS. METHODS: A descriptive retrospective study in which data was collected from all cases of EAS which were reported to the Public Prosecutor in North Holland between 1984 and 1993. RESULTS: In 7% of the reported cases of EAS the patient had AIDS, and in most of these cases the physician involved was a general practitioner. Both the percentage of AIDS among the cases of EAS and the percentage of EAS among all deaths due to AIDS increased over the years. In 1992, 23% of all deaths due AIDS were reported as cases of EAS. CONCLUSIONS: It seems, in recent years, that EAS has been performed on at least one out of three AIDS patients, which is a far greater percentage than found among other patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1998

Guidelines on euthanasia and pain alleviation: compliance and opinions of physicians.

The objectives of this study are to describe: (a) the presence of; and (b) compliance with guidelines in cases of euthanasia and intensifying the alleviation of pain and symptoms; (c) the opinions of physicians about written guidelines; and (d) the relationship between meeting the requirements for prudent practice and presence of, and compliance with guidelines for euthanasia or assisted suicide (EAS). In 1990 and 1995 interviews were held with 405 physicians (general practitioners, nursing home physicians and clinical specialists). The response rate for the 2 years was 91 and 89%, respectively. The percentage of physicians who reported the existence of EAS guidelines increased from 50% in 1990 to 59% in 1995, and the compliance with these guidelines increased from 51 to 75%, respectively. Of the physicians, 17% stated that there were written guidelines for intensifying the alleviation of pain and symptoms. With regard to meeting the requirements for prudent practice, we found mostly no differences between cases of euthanasia in which EAS guidelines were present, and cases in which there were no guidelines. However, when guidelines did exist and were actually used, it seems there was a better adherence to consultation and notification, although numbers were small. The increase since 1990 in agreement with the statement that an institution should formulate a policy with regard to euthanasia, may reflect the growing awareness of the specific role of the management, and not only the physician, in this matter.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1998

Dutch nursing home policies and guidelines on physician-assisted death and decisions to forego treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe: (a) the prevalence and content of policies on euthanasia or assisted suicide (EAS) in three different types of nursing homes; (b) specific content items of written guidelines for EAS; and (c) the prevalence of guidelines on withholding or withdrawing treatment from severely demented patients and patients in a persistent vegetative state in the nursing homes. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional. METHODS: We have used a postal survey among directors of patient care of all (n = 304) Dutch somatic nursing homes (meant for physically handicapped patients), psychogeriatric nursing homes (meant for patients suffering from dementia) and combined nursing homes. Data were collected from October 1994 through January 1995. RESULTS: Results indicate that psychogeriatric nursing homes less often had a written EAS policy than somatic and combined nursing homes (62, 68 and 80% respectively). The most frequently reported aspects in the EAS guidelines, by the nursing homes with guidelines based on a policy that EAS was accepted under certain conditions; were consultation of another physician (97%), referral to another physician if the attending physician had in-principle objections (82%), and the involvement of the nurse in the decision-making procedure (82%). Of the nursing homes, 9% reported having specific written procedures concerning withholding or withdrawing treatment from severely demented patients. CONCLUSION: Guidelines in the nursing homes on euthanasia and assisted suicide might be improved. Especially with regard to withholding or withdrawing treatment from incompetent patients, more guidelines should be developed.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1998

Policies on assisted suicide in Dutch psychiatric facilities.

Recent jurisprudence in the Netherlands challenges psychiatric hospitals to formulate policies on how to approach requests for assisted suicide. This study examined whether such policies exist in Dutch psychiatric hospitals and general hospitals with psychiatric wards. The directors of patient care in 38 of the country's 52 psychiatric hospitals and 42 of the 59 general hospitals with psychiatric wards responded to a mail survey. Five psychiatric hospitals and six general hospitals had written policies. Almost half of the psychiatric hospitals had a verbal policy only. The majority of the hospitals with policies had a tolerant or permissive policy toward assisted suicide.

Hospitals, Psychiatric↗

PubMed1998

The role of parents in end-of-life decisions in neonatology: physicians' views and practices.

OBJECTIVE: End-of-life decisions for newborn infants are usually made with the consent of parents as well as physicians, but may occasionally involve disagreement about which decision is in the best interest of the child. Our study was aimed at providing an empirical background for the ethical discussion on the parent's versus the physician's role in decision-making. METHODS: We conducted face-to-face interviews with a stratified sample of pediatricians. The response rate was 99%. The most recent decisions in newborn infants to hasten death or not prolong life and the most recent cases in which such decisions were not made because either the parents or the physician objected were comprehensively discussed. RESULTS: Decisions to hasten death or not prolong life were usually made after discussing it with parents and did not occur while parents were known to disagree. Situations in which an end-of-life decision was not made because parents did not consent predominantly involved infants with complications of prematurity (24%) or perinatal asphyxia (40%), whereas situations in which parents requested an end-of-life decision that was not acceded to by the pediatrician involved Down syndrome as the main diagnosis in 43% and as a concurrent diagnosis in 21%. Pediatricians afterwards often expressed feelings of discontent about situations in which there had been disagreement with parents. CONCLUSIONS: The opinion of parents about which medical decision is in the best interest of their child is for pediatricians only decisive in case it invokes the continuation of treatment. The principle of preserving life is abandoned only when the physician feels sufficiently sure that the parents agree that such a course of action is in the best interest of the child.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1998

Euthanasia and assisted suicide: facts, figures and fancies with special regard to old age.

The objective of this paper is to describe the ethics and incidence of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (EAS) with special regard to old age. It is based on an assumption that if and when a practice of euthanasia and EAS is allowed, several vulnerable groups, including the elderly, may become a 'population at risk'. We describe some of these claims, and make an inventory of the arguments against a permissive policy concerning euthanasia and EAS which emphasise inherent dangers for the elderly. We then give an overview of the results of empirical studies about incidence of (request for) euthanasia and assisted suicide in the Netherlands, Australia, the UK, the US, Denmark and Norway. These results confirm that practitioners do receive requests for EAS and that EAS is performed in all these countries. However, there are large differences between these countries with regard to the numbers of requests and performances. Dutch findings concerning the age distribution of patients who received euthanasia or assisted suicide indicate that these procedures are rare in the elderly and in nursing homes. We conclude that, although euthanasia and assisted suicide are illegal, there is evidence that these practices occur in all countries studied. Most surveys on the incidence of euthanasia show lower figures than those in the Netherlands. Dutch studies do not provide any evidence for the elderly being in danger of becoming 'victims' of euthanasia or assisted suicide.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

[Frequency of decisions to forgo (artificial) administration of food and fluids at life's end].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and characteristics of decisions to forgo (artificial) feeding and hydration with hastening of death as a possible result. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive study. SETTING: The Netherlands. METHODS: Data were collected from questionnaires mailed to physicians attending 6060 deaths identified from death certificates dating from August through November 1995 (response rate: 77%). RESULTS: Decisions to forgo feeding and hydration preceded 8% of all deaths studied; for deaths attended by nursing home physicians this percentage was 23%, for deaths attended by general practitioners and specialists it was 4%. In 68% of all these death cases, the patients had been 80 years of age or over, and 76% of them had been partly or completely incompetent. The non-treatment decision had been discussed with relatives in 82% of all cases, and in 89% of the death cases attended by nursing home physicians. These patients had had (possibly) life-shortening medication less frequently than other patients for whom a medical decision concerning the end of life had been made. CONCLUSION: Decisions to forgo (artificial) feeding and hydration were made relatively often by nursing home physicians, and rarely by general practitioners and specialists. These decisions were usually but not always made after discussion with relatives. There were no indications that these decisions entailed a great deal of suffering for the patients.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Medical end-of-life decisions made for neonates and infants in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: Advances in neonatal intensive care have lowered the neonatal death rate. There are still some severely ill neonates and infants, however, for whom the application of all possible life-prolonging treatment modalities may be questioned. METHODS: We did two studies in the Netherlands. In the first we sent questionnaires to physicians who had attended 338 consecutive deaths (August-November, 1995) within the first year of life (death-certificate study), and in the second we interviewed 31 neonatologists or paediatric intensive-care specialists and 35 general paediatricians. The response rates were 88% and 99%, respectively. FINDINGS: In the death-certificate study, 57% of all deaths had been preceded by a decision to forgo life-sustaining treatment; this decision was accompanied by the administration of potentially life-shortening drugs to alleviate pain or other symptoms in 23%, and by the administration of drugs with the explicit aim of hastening death in 8%. A drug was given explicitly to hasten death to neonates not dependent on life-sustaining treatment in 1% of all death cases. No chance of survival was the main motive in 76% of all end-of-life decisions, and a poor prognosis was the main motive in 18%. The interview study showed that parents had been involved in making 79% of decisions. The physicians consulted colleagues about 88% of decisions. Most paediatricians favoured formal review of medical decisions by colleagues together with ethical or legal experts. INTERPRETATION: Death among neonates and infants is commonly preceded by medical end-of-life decisions. Most Dutch paediatricians seem to find prospects for survival and prognostic factors relevant in such decisions. Public control by a committee of physicians, paediatricians, ethicists, and legal experts is widely endorsed by paediatricians.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1997

Physician-assisted death in psychiatric practice in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: In 1994 the Dutch Supreme Court ruled that in exceptional instances, physician-assisted suicide might be justifiable for patients with unbearable mental suffering but no physical illness. We studied physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in psychiatric practice in the Netherlands. METHODS: In 1996, we sent questionnaires to 673 Dutch psychiatrists - about half of all such specialists in the country - and received 552 responses from the 667 who met the study criteria (response rate, 83 percent). We estimated the annual frequencies of requests for physician-assisted suicide by psychiatrists and actual instances of assistance. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 205 (37 percent) had at least once received an explicit, persistent request for physician-assisted suicide and 12 had complied. We estimate there are 320 requests a year in psychiatric practice and 2 to 5 assisted suicides. Excluding those who had ever assisted, 345 of the respondents (64 percent) thought physician-assisted suicide because of a mental disorder could be acceptable, including 241 who said they could conceive of instances in which they themselves would be willing to assist. The most frequent reasons for refusing were the belief that the patient had a treatable mental disorder, opposition to assisted suicide in principle, and doubt that the suffering was unbearable or hopeless. Most, but not all, patients who had been assisted by their psychiatrists in suicide had both a mental disorder and a serious physical illness, often in a terminal phase. Thirty percent of the respondents had been consulted at least once by a physician in another specialty about a patient's request for assisted death. The annual number of such consultations was estimated at 310, about 3 percent of the estimated 9700 requests for euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide in medical practice. CONCLUSIONS: Explicit requests for physician-assisted suicide are not uncommon in psychiatric practice in the Netherlands, but these requests are rarely granted. Psychiatric consultation for medical patients who request physician-assisted death is relatively rare.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1997

Euthanatics: implementation of a protocol to standardise euthanatics among pharmacists and GPs.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a protocol to standardise euthanatics among pharmacists and general practitioners (GPs). Data over 1993 and 1994 were collected by means of an anonymous postal questionnaire sent to all pharmacists (n = 37) and all GPs (n = 283) working in the area in which the protocol was implemented. In total, 76% of the pharmacists and 63% of the GPs responded. All pharmacists and 65% of the GPs were aware of the existence of the protocol and all pharmacists and 42% of the GPs were also familiar with the content of the protocol. Both pharmacists and GPs had fairly positive attitudes towards the importance and possibility of the standardisation of euthanatics. Of the GPs who performed euthanasia or assisted with suicide during the research period, 59% made use of one or more standard packages. The majority of pharmacists and GPs were satisfied with the standard packages, and all GPs indicated that they intend to use the packages again in the future. This study shows that the implementation of standardised euthanatics was quite successful.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

The role of the nurse in active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.

The researchers wanted to obtain insight into the cooperation between physicians and nurses with regard to active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (EAS). In study I a stratified random sample of 203 clinical specialists, 152 general practitioners (GPs) and 50 nursing home physicians (NHPs) participated. In study II a random sample of 521 GPs was drawn from the province of North Holland and a random sample of 521 GPs was drawn from the rest of the Netherlands. For study III all NHPs were approached. Data were collected by means of an interview in study I. In studies II and III an anonymous, postal questionnaire was used. Approximately half of the GPs did not consult with nurses about a patient's request for EAS, the intention to administer EAS, and the actual administration. In 5% of cases, the NHPs and the specialists did not consult with nurses concerning these aspects. The GPs and NHPs indicated in 4% and 3% of the cases, respectively, that nurses administered the lethal drug(s) to the patients; the corresponding figure for the specialists was 21%. Almost all GPs and NHPs and about three-quarters of the specialists thought that nurses should never be allowed to administer EAS.

Cooperative Behavior↗