Biomedical subjects

Giorgio Raspi

Publications and source records attributed to Giorgio Raspi.

10 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Flow injection analysis with diode array absorbance detection and dynamic surface tension detection for studying denaturation and surface activity of globular proteins.

In this article, a multidimensional dynamic surface tension detector (DSTD), in a parallel configuration with a UV-visible diode array absorbance detector, is presented in a novel flow injection analysis (FIA) application to study the effects of chemical denaturants urea, guanidinium hydrochloride (GdmHCl), and guanidinium thyocyanate (GdmSCN) on the surface activity of globular proteins at the liquid-air interface. The DSTD signal is obtained by measuring the changing pressure across the liquid-air interface of 4-mul drops repeatedly forming at the end of a capillary using FIA. The sensitivity and selectivity of the DSTD signal is related to the surface-active protein concentration in aqueous solution combined with the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein interaction at a liquid-air drop interface. Rapid on-line calibration and measurement of dynamic surface tension is applied, with the surface tension converted into surface pressure results. Continuous surface tension measurement throughout the entire drop growth is achieved, providing insight into kinetic behavior of protein interactive processes at the liquid-air drop interface. Specifically, chemical denaturation of 12 commercial globular proteins-chicken egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-Lac), myoglobin, cytochrome c, hemoglobin, carbonic anhydrase, alpha-chymotrypsinogen A, beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG), lysozyme, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase-is studied in terms of surface pressure (i.e., surface activity) after treatment with increasing concentrations of urea, GdmHCl, and GdmSCN in the 0-8, 0-6, and 0-5 M ranges, respectively. For several of these proteins, the spectroscopic absorbance changes are monitored simultaneously to provide additional information prior to drop formation. Results show that surface pressure of proteins generally increases as the denaturant concentration increases and that effectiveness is GdmSCN > GdmHCl > urea. Protein unfolding curves obtained by plotting surface pressure as a function of denaturant concentration are presented and compared with respect to unfolding curves obtained by using UV absorbance and literature data. Kinetic information relative to the protein adsorption to the air-liquid interface of two proteins, alpha-Lac and beta-LG (chosen as representative proteins for comparison), denatured by the three denaturants is also studied and discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Speciation and quantification of thiols by reversed-phase chromatography coupled with on-line chemical vapor generation and atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection: method validation and preliminary application for glutathione measurements in human whole blood.

BACKGROUND: We developed a sensitive, specific method for the low-molecular-mass thiols cysteine, cysteinylglycine, glutathione, and homocysteine and validated the method for measurement of glutathione in blood. METHODS: The technique was based on reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) coupled on line with cold vapor generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVGAFS). Thiols were derivatized before introduction on the column by use of a p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB) mercurial probe and separated as thiol-PHMB complexes on a Vydac C4 column. Postcolumn on-line reaction of derivatized thiols with bromine allowed rapid conversion of the thiol-PHMB complexes to inorganic mercury with recovery of 100 (2)% of the sample. HgII was selectively detected by atomic fluorescence spectrometry in an Ar/H2 miniaturized flame after sodium borohydride reduction to Hg0. RESULTS: The relationship between thiol-PHMB complex concentration and peak area (CVGAFS signal) was linear over the concentration range 0.01-1400 micromol/L (injected). The detection limits were 1, 1, 0.6, and 0.8 nmol/L for cysteine, cysteinylglycine, homocysteine, and glutathione in the injected sample, respectively. The CVs for thiols were 1.5%-2.2% for calibrator solutions and 2.1% and 3.0% for real samples. The RPC-CVGAFS method allowed speciation of glutathione (reduced and oxidized) in human whole blood from healthy donors and from the coronary sinus of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy during and after chronotropic stress. CONCLUSION: The RPC-CVGAFS method could be used to measure reduced and oxidized glutathione in human whole blood as disease biomarkers.

Autoanalysis↗

PubMed2004

Characterization of denatured metallothioneins by reversed phase coupled with on-line chemical vapour generation and atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection.

A new analytical hyphenated technique is proposed for determination and characterization of thiolic proteins, based on reverse phase chromatography (RPC) coupled on-line with cold vapour generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVGAFS). Proteins are pre-column simultaneously denatured and derivatized in phosphate buffer solution containing 8.0 mol l(-1) urea and p-hydroxymercurybenzoate (PHMB). The derivatized proteins are separated on a C4 Vydac Reverse Phase column. Post-column on-line reaction of derivatized denatured proteins with bromine, generated in situ by KBr/KBrO3 in HCl medium, allowed the fast conversion of both the uncomplexed PHMB and of the PHMB bound to proteins to inorganic mercury, also in the presence of methanol in the RPC eluent phase. Hg(II) is selectively detected by AFS in a Ar/H2 miniaturized flame after sodium borohydride reduction to Hg degrees. Under optimized conditions, on-line bromine treatment gives a 98+/-2% recovery of both free and protein-complexed PHMB. The effect of methanol on the sensitivity of Hg(II) detection was studied and controlled. RPC-CVGAFS system has been applied to the analysis of metallothioneins from rabbit liver (MT(RL)) standard solutions, and their commercial isoforms MT-1 and MT-2. The analysis of denatured, PHMB-complexed MTs allowed the determination of the number of thiolic groups complexed by PHMB. It was found that MTs from rabbit liver have 10.0+/-0.3 (MT-1) and 6.7+/-0.3 (MT-2 and MT(RL)) -SH groups complexed by PHMB. The detection limit (LODc) for PHMB in 95% methanol in the optimized conditions was about 9.3 x 10(-9) mol l(-1) and for the denatured MTs LODc was about 8.6 x 10(-10) mol l(-1), taking into account an approximate complexating ratio PHMB:MTs of 7:1.

Chromatography, Liquid↗

PubMed2004

Study of the disulfide reduction of denatured proteins by liquid chromatography coupled with on-line cold-vapor-generation atomic-fluorescence spectrometry (LC-CVGAFS).

Hydrophobic-interaction chromatography coupled on-line with chemical-vapor-generation atomic-fluorescence spectrometry (HIC-CVGAFS), optimized recently for the analysis of thiol-containing proteins under denaturing conditions, has been used to study the chemical reduction of denatured proteins. Four proteins chosen as models (human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-Lac) from bovine milk, and lysozyme from chicken egg (Lys)) were denatured with urea and reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT), with selenol as catalyst. The method is based on derivatization of the -SH groups of proteins with p-hydroxymercurybenzoate (PHMB), followed by HIC separation and post-column on-line reaction of the derivatized reduced, denatured proteins with bromine generated in situ. HgII, derived from rapid conversion of uncomplexed and protein-complexed PHMB, is selectively detected by AFS in an Ar/H2 miniaturized flame after sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction to Hg degrees . The yield of the reduction was studied as a function of reductant concentration, reduction time (tred), and urea concentration. Results showed that the optimum values for DTT and selenol concentrations and for tred were between 1 and 100 mmol L(-1) and between 1 and 20 min, respectively, depending on the protein studied. The percentage disulfide bond reduction increases as the urea concentration used for protein denaturation increases, giving a single-step sigmoid increment for single-domain, low-MW proteins (alpha-Lac and Lys), and a two-step sigmoid increment for multi-domain, high MW proteins (HSA and BSA). The shapes of plots of percentage reduced disulfide against urea concentration are characteristic of each protein and are correlated with the location of S-S in the protein. Under the adopted conditions complete protein denaturation is the conditio sine qua non for obtaining 100% S-S reduction. The detection limit for denatured, reduced proteins examined under the optimized conditions was found to be in the range 1-5 x 10(-12) mol L(-1) (10-30 pg), depending on the protein considered.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Multidimensional analysis of denatured milk proteins by hydrophobic interaction chromatography coupled to a dynamic surface tension detector.

Multidimensional analysis of denatured milk proteins is reported using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with dynamic surface tension detection (DSTD). A hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) column (a TSK-Gel Phenyl-5PW column, TosoBiosep), in the presence of 3.0 M guanidine hydrochloride (GdmHCl) as denaturing agent is employed as the mobile phase. Dynamic surface tension is measured through the differential pressure across the liquid-air interface of repeatedly growing and detaching drops. Continuous surface tension measurement throughout the entire drop growth (50 ms to 4 s) is achieved, for each eluting drop of 4 s length, providing insight into both the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of molecular orientation processes at the liquid-air interface. An automated calibration procedure and data analysis method is applied with the DSTD system, which allows two unique solvents to be used, the HIC mobile phase for the sample and a second solvent (water for example) for the standard, permitting real-time dynamic surface tension data to be obtained. Three-dimensional data is obtained, with surface tension as a function of drop time first converted to surface pressure, which is plotted as a function of the chromatographic elution time axis. Experiments were initially performed using flow injection analysis (FIA) with the DSTD system for investigating commercial single standard milk proteins (alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-, beta-, kappa-casein and a casein mixture) denatured by GdmHCl. These FIA-DSTD experiments allowed the separation and detection conditions to be optimized for the HIC-DSTD experiments. Thus, the HIC-DSTD system has been optimized and successfully applied to the selective analysis of surface-active casein fractions (alpha s1- and beta-casein) in a commercial casein mixture, raw milk samples (cow's, ewe's and goat's milk) and other diary products (yogurt, stracchino, mozzarella, parmesan cheese and chocolate cream). The different samples were readily distinguished based upon the selectivity provided by the HIC-DSTD method. The selectivity advantage of using DSTD relative to absorbance detection is also demonstrated.

Calibration↗

PubMed2004

Quantitation of reduced glutathione and cysteine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.

Plasma viral load (VL) values and CD4(+) cell count are employed clinically for initiation of therapy in the treatment of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as previous clinical studies have shown a marked prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) development in seropositive individuals with VL values over 30 000 copies/mL. Many studies have shown that reduced glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (Cys) deficiency play an important role in the infection. We have developed capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-based assays and have used them to investigate the relationship between plasma and intracellular thiol levels and HIV-1 viremia in plasma. Blood samples from healthy volunteers and seropositive patients undergoing different antiretroviral regimes were analyzed in the study. The VL assay was based on CZE-UV detection of viral RNA at 260 nm. Determination of endogenous reduced Cys and GSH was achieved by CZE-UV detection of their mercurial complexes at 200 nm. We found that a decrease in GSH and Cys levels may be associated with disease progress. In fact, reduced GSH and Cys levels appear progressively reduced with increasing VL.

CD4 Lymphocyte Count↗

PubMed2004

S-Adenosyl methionine/S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine ratio determination by capillary electrophoresis employed as a monitoring tool for the antiviral effectiveness of adenosine analogs.

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHh) inhibitors have long been used as broad-range antivirals and have been recently evaluated as an experimental therapy of filovirus infections. In response to the need for a rapid laboratory testing method that could assess antiviral potency in vivo, our group developed a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the determination of the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) ratio. After chloroacetaldehyde derivatization, SAH and SAM were detected using laser-induced fluorescence detection with a HeCd laser. Separation and quantitation of both SAH and SAM in human plasma were achieved in less than 1 min. The proposed method is rapid and reliable, and could be easily applied to routine monitoring of clinical and preclinical trials subjects.

Acetaldehyde↗

PubMed2003

Separation and determination of denatured alpha(s1)-, alpha(s2)-, beta- and kappa-caseins by hydrophobic interaction chromatography in cows', ewes' and goats' milk, milk mixtures and cheeses.

Caseins alpha(s1)-, alpha(s2)-, beta- and kappa- from raw cows', ewes' and goats' milk were separated and determined by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) by using a Propyl column (Eichrom) in the presence of 8.0 M urea in the mobile phase. The method is based on fast and easy solubilization of real raw samples by 4.0 M guanidine thiocyanate followed by the HIC analysis, without any preliminary precipitation or separation of the casein fraction. Elution conditions have been optimized by analyzing commercial single bovine standard caseins and their mixture. In the optimized chromatographic conditions the four casein fractions were separated in less than 45 min. A linear relationship between the concentration of casein and peak area (UV absorbance detector at 280 nm) has been obtained over the concentration range of 0.5 to 40 microM. The detection limit for alpha-, beta- and kappa-caseins ranged between 0.35 and 0.70 microM. The precision of the method was evaluated, the coefficient of variation for alpha-, beta- and kappa-casein determination ranging between 3.0 and 6.0%. The method has been validated by the analysis of reference skim milk powder (BCR-063R) certificated for total nitrogen content. The method was applied to commercial casein mixture and to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of casein fractions in unprocessed, raw cows', goats' and ewes' milk (10 samples analyzed for each species), in one sample of unprocessed buffalos' milk and in commercial cheeses (mozzarella, robiola, ricotta and stracchino). Binary mixtures of milk (cow/goat and cow/ewe) were also analyzed and the ratio between casein peak areas (alpha(s1)/kappa, alpha(s2)/beta, beta/kappa and alpha(s2)/alpha(s1)) of the HIC chromatograms was proposed and discussed in order to evaluate a possible application of this method to detect milk adulteration.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Characterization of denatured proteins by hydrophobic interaction chromatography: a preliminary study.

In this preliminary study hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is proposed as a good tool in order to detect conformational changes induced by chemical denaturants in two globular proteins, cytochrome C (Cyt C) and myoglobin (MYO). Alterations in protein structure were manifested chromatographically by reproducible changes in peak heights, retention time, and appearance of multiple peaks. The HIC behavior of the two model proteins denatured by guanidinium thyocyanate (GdmSCN) was investigated, keeping constant various concentrations of urea in the mobile phase in a TSK-Gel Phenyl-5PW column (TosoBiosep). Suitable elution conditions provide evidence of the simultaneous presence of two denatured forms in the case of MYO, and sequential different denatured states of Cyt C.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

New chromatographic method for separation and determination of denatured alphaS1-, alphaS2-, beta- and kappa-caseins by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.

Separation and determination of denatured alpha-, beta- and kappa-caseins by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) was improved by using a TSK-Gel Ether-5PW column (Tosoh Biosep). The method, already proposed and performed by a TSK-Gel Phenyl-5PW column (Tosoh Biosep), is based on fast and easy solubilization of commercial and real samples by 4.0 M guanidine thiocyanate and HIC analysis in the presence of 8.0 M urea in the mobile phase. Employment of the less hydrophobic ether phase had the main advantage of separating casein fractions in less than 22 min and, additionally, of separating a-casein in kappaS1- and alphaS2 -casein fractions. The method has been validated by the analysis of reference skim milk powder (BCR-063R) certified for total nitrogen content. A linear relationship between the concentration of casein and peak area (UV absorbance detector at 280 nm) has been obtained over the concentration range of 0.5-40 microM. The detection limit for alpha-, beta- and kappa-caseins ranged between 0.33 and 0.65 microM. The precision of the method was evaluated, the RSDs for alphaS1-, alphaS2-, beta- and kappa-casein determination ranging between 2.3 and 5.5% for standard solutions and between 4.4 and 6.2% for real sample solutions. The mean value of casein content found in eight aliquots of BCR-063R calculated with respect to the total protein content (estimated on the basis of certified total nitrogen content) was 78.3 +/- 6.1%. Results of linear fitting of standard additions data of alphaS1-, alphaS2-, beta- and kappa-caseins to BCR-063R were compared with linear fitting of alphaS1-, alphaS2-, beta- and kappa-casein calibration data. The method was applied to commercial caseins and to 30 real, raw samples. A statistical comparison was performed between results on quantitation of alpha-, beta- and kappa-caseins obtained by TSK-Gel Ether-5PW and TSK-Gel Phenyl-5PW HIC columns, showing more accurate results for chromatographic analysis performed by the ether column.

Caseins↗