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Govind Mukundan

Publications and source records attributed to Govind Mukundan.

7 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Adrenal masses: mr imaging features with pathologic correlation.

The detection of adrenal lesions has increased with the expanding use of cross-sectional imaging. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is often useful for characterizing adrenal masses. Adrenal masses can be classified into various groups on the basis of the presence of intracellular lipid, macroscopic fat, hemorrhage, and cystic changes and the vascularity and shape of the tumor. These imaging features can be used by the radiologist to suggest or confirm a diagnosis for most adrenal masses, including adenoma, hyperplasia, simple and complicated cysts, lymphangioma, myelolipoma, pheochromocytoma, hemorrhage, cortical carcinoma, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, and metastases. Adenomas and metastases are common, and a decrease in signal intensity on out-of-phase images can be used to differentiate between them. Carcinoma is a possible diagnosis if that decrease in signal intensity is heterogeneous. Benign disease is diagnosed if macroscopic fat or a homogeneous cystlike lesion is seen. Recognition of the typical MR imaging features is important because it often changes the treatment approach and may obviate surgery.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Value of magnetic resonance imaging for muscle denervation syndromes of the shoulder girdle.

Clinical evaluation of neuromuscular disorders typically consists of obtaining a detailed clinical history, physical examination, and electrophysiologic examinations. Electrodiagnostic examinations significantly aid in distinguishing between myopathy, neuropathy, and neuromuscular disorders. Electrodiagnostic examinations also assist in determining the severity and extent of disease. Progress can also be monitored on follow-up testing. The benefit of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in neuromuscular disease evaluation lies primarily in identifying a specific underlying gross pathologic cause and its location in the neuraxis as well as in identifying associated secondary findings. In some cases, MRI is particularly helpful when a solitary, small, deep muscle is affected. Imaging can be useful in assessing clinical progress in some cases. Causes of muscle denervation include mass lesions and trauma as well as infectious, autoimmune, and idiopathic causes. This article illustrates the common denervation syndromes that involve the shoulder girdle: Parsonage-Turner syndrome, quadrilateral space syndrome, and suprascapular neuropathy. By demonstrating the exact muscles involved and spared, MRI noninvasively identifies the level of nerve insult in the neuraxis. Furthermore, in cases in which a mass is responsible for denervation, MRI can directly show the cause and aid in treatment planning.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endovaginal magnetic resonance imaging of the female urethra.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is playing an important role in the clinical evaluation of women presenting with urethral symptoms. Voiding cystourethrography, direct urethrography, and pelvic sonography provide limited information on abnormalities that are in continuity with the urethra. On the other hand, urethra and periurethral tissues can be noninvasively evaluated by high-resolution endocavitary MRI. Because of its multiplanar capability and high tissue contrast, endovaginal MRI is an extremely reliable diagnostic test in the evaluation of urethral abnormalities. In this article, the utility of endovaginal MRI in the detection and characterization of a wide spectrum of urethral pathologic conditions, such as congenital anomalies, diverticula, urethritis, and benign and malignant neoplasms, is discussed.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cross-sectional imaging of the female urethra: technique and results.

Clinical assessment of women with urethral symptoms is difficult, necessitating further evaluation with imaging. Urethrography provides limited information on luminal abnormalities of the urethra. Recent advances in ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging have dramatically improved evaluation of the female urethra, clarifying findings at physical examination and providing accurate road maps for surgeons. High-resolution transvaginal US, transperineal US, and transurethral US are reliable techniques for diagnosis and characterization of urethral abnormalities. High-resolution multiplanar MR imaging with phased-array pelvic and endovaginal coils demonstrates the urethral anatomy in greater detail. In women with urethral diverticula, US and MR imaging demonstrate the number of diverticula and the location, size, configuration, and possible contents of the sac. Most important, the position of the neck of the diverticulum may be identified for the surgeon. Imaging features do not allow differentiation between histologic subtypes of urethral carcinoma; the diagnosis is established with histopathologic examination. Periurethral cysts do not communicate with the urethra and therefore can often be differentiated from urethral diverticula at endocavitary MR imaging. High-resolution multiplanar US and MR imaging allow comprehensive evaluation of abnormalities of the female urethra.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

MR imaging of the spleen: spectrum of abnormalities.

The spleen has the same relationship to the circulatory system that the lymph nodes have to the lymphatic system. A wide range of diseases can affect the spleen. Pathologic conditions of the spleen can be classified into the following categories: congenital diseases (accessory spleen, polysplenia, and asplenia); trauma; inflammation (abscess, candidiasis, histoplasmosis, and sarcoidosis); vascular disorders (infarction, diseases affecting the splenic vasculature, and arteriovenous malformation); hematologic disorders (sickle cell disease and extramedullary hematopoiesis); benign tumors (cysts, hemangioma, diffuse hemangiomatosis of the spleen, and hamartoma); malignant tumors (sarcoma, lymphoma, and metastases); and other disease processes that affect the spleen diffusely (portal hypertension, Gaucher disease, and sickle cell disease) or focally (Gamna-Gandy nodules). New magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques have increased the role of MR imaging in detection and characterization of splenic diseases. MR imaging is an excellent tool for diagnosis and evaluation of focal lesions and pathologic conditions of the spleen.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Focal hepatic lesions: diagnostic value of enhancement pattern approach with contrast-enhanced 3D gradient-echo MR imaging.

Focal hepatic lesions constitute a daily challenge in the clinical setting. However, noninvasive methods can be useful in the detection and characterization of these lesions. The noninvasive diagnosis of liver lesions is usually achieved with contrast material-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Dynamic three-dimensional gradient-recalled-echo MR imaging provides dynamic contrast-enhanced thin-section images with fat saturation and a high signal-to-noise ratio and is excellent for the evaluation of various focal hepatic lesions. A comprehensive MR imaging examination in this setting includes T2-weighted and chemical shift T1-weighted imaging and demonstrates characteristic enhancement patterns that can be helpful in the diagnosis of most of these lesions. These enhancement patterns are seen during particular phases of contrast-enhanced imaging and include arterial phase enhancement, delayed phase enhancement, peripheral washout, ring enhancement, nodule-within-a-nodule enhancement, true central scar, pseudocentral scar, and pseudocapsule. Familiarity with these enhancement patterns can help in the identification of specific focal lesions of the liver.

Aged↗