Tetracycline resistant plasmids from uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Southwestern Nigeria.
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Biomedical subjects
H A Odelola
Publications and source records attributed to H A Odelola.
Evaluation of valuation of toxicity profile of an alkaloidal fraction of the stem bark of Picralima nitida (fam. Apocynacaes).
Dermal and acute toxicity evaluation of the basic alkaloidal fraction of the stem bark of Picralima nitida, which has been shown to have pronounced activity against causative organisms of dermatomycosis in man, was carried out in animals. Acute intraperitoneal toxicity tests showed a dose-dependent toxicity. There was inflammation and necrosis of liver hepatocytes accompanied by reduction in neutrophilic count and a corresponding increase in lymphocytic count. There was no sign of reddening or irritation when applied into the eye conjunctiva. Dermal tests also showed that the fraction caused no sensitization, inflammation or death in the animal models used.
Alkaloids↗
Bioactive chemical constituents from Alchornea laxiflora (benth) pax and hoffman.
Quercetin-7,4'-disulphate (1) quercetin (2) quercetin-3',4'-disulphate (3) quercetin-3,4'-diacetate (4) rutin (5) and quercetrin (6) were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction (ESM) of the crude methanolic leaf extract of Alchornea laxiflora. Purification of these compounds was carried out by column chromatography utilising sephadex LH 20 and various mixtures of water, methanol, ethanol and toluene as eluents. Structural elucidation was by UV, IR, (1)HNMR and (13)CNMR spectroscopy as well as by FAB-MS. Antimicrobial activity of isolated compounds was detected in Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal organisms.
Anti-Infective Agents↗
Antibacterial activity of diospyrin, isodiospyrin and bisisodiospyrin from the root of Diospyros piscatoria (Gurke) (Ebenaceae).
Two dimeric naphthoquinones, diospyrin and isodiospyrin, isolated from the root of Diospyros piscatoria (Gurke), a common ingredient in several folk medicines, have been shown to have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of diospyrin against Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 12344 and Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 33400 ranged from 1.56 to 50 microg/mL. While those against Salmonella choleraesuis serotype typhi (S. typhi), ATCC 6539 and Mycobacterium chelonae ATCC 19977 were between 25 and 100 microg/mL. Isodiospyrin was more active than its racemic isomer diospyrin. The MICs against Gram-positive bacteria ranged from 0.78 to 50 microg/mL. While those against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15443 and S. typhi ranged from 50 to 100 microg/mL. The MIC for M. chelonae was between 6.25 and 25 microg/mL. MICs were found to increase with the concentration of cells used for the inoculum. The MICs for Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 increased up to the highest concentration of cells tested. The same phenomenon was observed on M. chelonae, but with better effect in the latter. The kinetics of bacteria studies against both B. subtilis and M. chelonae increases with increasing concentration of isodiospyrin tested. Two tetrameric forms of plumbagin were isolated. The naphthoquinone bisisodiospyrin, gave MIC values between 300 and 400 micro g/mL. The second, as yet unidentified tetramer, was not active at 500 micro g/mL.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Evaluation of the antimicrobial property of the stem bark of Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae).
The basic fraction (BF) of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Picralima nitida (family Apocynaceae) exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, but limited activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The BF had a similar minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for S. aureus to the control drug ampicillin, and lower MIC values against A. flavus and A. niger than those of tiaconazole. Values of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the BF against microorganisms tested were generally much higher than those for the control drugs ampicillin and gentamicin. The results suggest that some constituents of the stem bark could be isolated and developed into effective antimicrobial agents.
Alkaloids↗
Evaluation of the destructive effect of khaya gum on Bacillus subtilis spores during tableting.
The destructive effect of khaya gum used as a binding agent in a paracetamol formulation on Bacillus subtilis spores during tableting has been investigated, in comparison with the effects of two standard binders-polyvinylpyrrolidone and gelatin. The destructive effect of khaya gum was generally similar to those of the standard binders. Significant (p < 0.001 in each case) inverse linear relationships of log % survival of the B. subtilis spores with compression pressure and with concentration of binder, were established. The effect of the binding agent was significantly dependent (p < 0.001 in each case) on both compression pressure and the binder concentration. However, there was no significant interaction (p > 0.05) between the destructive effects of compression pressure and binder concentration. The results suggest that khaya gum and the standard binders would be useful in the destruction of microorganisms during tableting.
Bacillus subtilis↗
Antimicrobial potentials of Diospyros mespiliformis (Ebenaceae).
The petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of the leaves, stem bark, and root of Diospyros mespiliformis were studied for their antimicrobial activities. The crude extracts showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activities against 9 Gram-positive bacteria, 8 Gram-negative bacteria, and 6 fungal strains. Of the four extracting solvents, chloroform produced extracts with the best antimicrobial activities, while the chloroform extract of the root exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity. Some tetracycline resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and gentamicin resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were sensitive to some of the extracts tested. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of the following metabolites: anthraquinones, tannins, triterpene, saponins, steroids, and sugars and the absence of alkaloids. The antimicrobial activities observed are discussed in relation to the chemical constituents reportedly isolated from several species of this plant and their traditional uses.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Ecological distribution of Chikungunya haemagglutination inhibition antibodies in human and domestic animals in Nigeria.
A serological survey to detect presence of antibodies to Chikungunya virus in 477 human sera randomly sampled from four ecological zones of Nigeria was carried out employing a haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Similarly 220 animal sera collected mostly from the northern parts of Nigeria were screened for HI antibody to Chikungunya virus. Of the 477 human sera tested a total of 68 or 14.3% were found to possess Chikungunya HI antibodies made up of 10% in swampy forest, 20% in the rain forest, 14% in the derived savannah and 6.7% in the guinea savannah. Such sera positive for Chikungunya HI antibodies were further screened against other circulating alphaviruses of which 17 or 25% were positive to Igbo-Ora virus, 6 or 38.1% to Semliki forest virus and 36 or 52.6% were positive to Sindbis virus. Five or 2.3% of the 220 animal sera screened were found to possess Chikungunya HI antibodies.
Animals↗
Comparative in-vitro antibacterial activity of two brands of antibiotics against clinical isolates of some bacterial genera.
Six brands of ampicillin and four of gentamicin were compared for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentrations obtained for each brand against each bacterial isolate compared very well with one another, and the kinetics of bactericidal activity showed that the brands of each antibiotic possessed similar activity against the clinical isolates tested.
Ampicillin↗
Preliminary investigation of in-vitro antimicrobial activity of two Nigerian Diospyros species (Ebenaceae).
The aqueous and alcoholic extracts from the leaves of Diospyros bateri and D. monbuttensis were studied for their antimicrobial activities. The alcoholic extracts of the two Diospyros spp. showed strong antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while only the aqueous extract of D. bateri showed antibacterial activity against all the bacteria tested. The two fungi included in the study Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were found to be resistant to the extracts of both Diospyros spp.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Detection of a carbenicillin-resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an operating theatre.
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Carbenicillin↗
Effect of silver on whole cells and spheroplasts of a silver resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Electron micrographs of a silver resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in the presence of 50 micrograms/ml Ag+ indicate that the surviving cells are resistant at the level of the cytoplasmic membrane. Spheroplasts of the resistant strain were not lysed by 1 h contact with 8 micrograms/ml Ag+, but were 36% and 22% lysed by 1 h contact with 20 micrograms/ml chlorhexidine and 40 micrograms/ml polysorbate 80, respectively. Spheroplasts of a silver sensitive strain of P. aeruginosa were lysed by 22% on contact with 1 microgram/ml Ag+ for 1 h.
Cell Membrane↗
Patterns of childhood hepatitis in the Nigerian African.
A total of 133 children aged between less than a month to 14 years presenting consecutively with hepatitis were prospectively studied over a 6-year period. Most cases were acute and presented at the icteric phase. The peak incidence was in very young infants whose illness had to be differentiated from congenital biliary tract obstruction. The older children exhibited the usual manifestations of lethargy, anorexia and tenderness over the liver area to varying degrees. There were 2 cases of chronic active hepatitis in children aged 13 and 14 years, one a female and the other a male. Their illness was controlled with steroid therapy. The serum biochemistry was characteristic in all cases. Serological tests revealed that about 55% of the children had antibody to hepatitis A virus but only 4% demonstrated HAV-specific IgM, while 15% had hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and 23% demonstrated antibody to core antigen (HBcAg). While most of the children with acute hepatitis made a full clinical and biochemical recovery, 2 have persistent HBs antigenaemia. There were 3 deaths in children who had fulminant hepatitis. Our results show that exposure to hepatitis A virus appears to be prevalent in Nigerian children and probably occurs quite early in life, and infections with hepatitis B virus and perhaps other hepatotropic viruses are also not uncommon. The surveillance of such children and long-term follow-up are necessary. There is already compelling evidence to indicate that hepatocellular carcinoma, prevalent among young adults in our environment, may be related to hepatitis B antigenaemia persisting over several years. The need for an effective vaccine against hepatitis B virus infection cannot, therefore, be over-emphasized.
Adolescent↗
Congenital transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Nigerians.
The prevalence rate of HBsAg carrier state in Nigerian pregnant women was determined to be 11.2 per cent. One third of infants born to these carrier mothers had persistent antigenaemia during an eight month follow-up period.
Carrier State↗
Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, e-antigen and its antibody in menstrual blood and semen.
Fifty male and fifty female healthy Nigerians were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG). Results were positive in five men and four women. HBsAg was detected in samples of semen of three male HBsAg carriers and in menstrual blood of four female carriers. Seven of the carriers had detectable hepatitis B core antibody in their serum; of these carriers, two semen and two menstrual blood samples were also positive for this antibody. In none of these subjects did we detect e-antigen or its antibody in either the serum, semen or menstrual blood. It is concluded that the presence of the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, which is a marker of persistent viral replication and of infectivity, further reinforces the role of sexual transmission in the propagation of hepatitis B virus infection in the tropics.
Adult↗
Hepatitis B surface antigen in menstrual blood and semen.
There is considerable epidemiologic evidence that hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) may be transmitted sexually. With the reverse passive hemagglutination method, HBsAg was found in six (12%) of 50 male and four (8%) of 50 female Nigerians attending a family planning unit. HBsAg was detected in samples of semen in three (6%) male HBsAg carriers and in menstrual blood in four (8%) female carriers. Five (10%) women admitted to having sexual intercourse during menstruation. The presence of HBsAg in blood or semen does not appear to influence the sperm density or motility index. It is suggested that sexual intercourse may be one of the routines of HBsAg transmission in Nigeria.
Adult↗
Rubella immunity in Nigerian children.
A serological survey was carried out to determine the rubella haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies among Nigerian children. The subjects consisted of 100 neonates and 550 children aged one month to 15 years. The study shows that rubella immunity rose with increasing age of the children.
Adolescent↗
Application of single-radial-haemolysis test for the detection of antibodies to togaviruses.
The newly developed single-radial-haemolysis technique was employed in this study for screening of sera for detection of antibodies to three Nigerian togaviruses. This technique was compared with the standard haemagglutination-inhibition method. A close correlation between the two techniques was observed.
Antibodies, Viral↗