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Biomedical subjects

H Albin

Publications and source records attributed to H Albin.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intraperitoneal ceftriaxone in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

The kinetics of ceftriaxone was investigated in 8 patients without infection, who were receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Ceftriaxone 1 g was injected i.v. and 1 g was given intraperitoneally in the CAPD fluid during a 4-h dwell time. Ceftriaxone was assayed by HPLC. After intravenous administration, the kinetic parameters of ceftriaxone were: plasma t1/2, 12.3 h, total plasma clearance, 14.0 ml/min, volume of distribution at steady state 0.18 l/kg, and peritoneal clearance 0.59 ml/min. Over 72 hours only 5.5% of the dose was eliminated by the peritoneal route. After intraperitoneal administration, ceftriaxone rapidly appeared in serum; the absorption t1/2 was 1.1 h and the mean peak concentration was 38.8 micrograms/ml. The absorption of ceftriaxone from the peritoneal space was 39%. A single 1.0 g IP dose led to serum and dialysate concentrations of ceftriaxone above the minimum inhibitory concentration for susceptible pathogens for 24 hours.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Computerized comparison of six adverse drug reaction assessment procedures.

Several standardized assessment procedures are currently used in the evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Disagreement in rating ADRs can result from between-raters variability and between-methods differences in weighting the evidence. We eliminated between-raters variability by computer simulation of 1134 ADRs (including all the possible combinations of criteria currently used) and by automatic rating using different algorithms adapted from six published methods. Percentage agreement (Po) and weighted kappa test (kappa w) between pairs of methods are always better than with randomized scores, but the strength of agreement is only moderate (0.26 less than Po less than 0.59; 0.14 less than kappa w less than 0.51). The weightings of criteria are evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Criteria are neither sensitive (0.41 less than Se less than 0.70) nor specific (0.18 less than Sp less than 0.63) and have poor predictive values. Disagreements on weightings are considerable for three major criteria: timing of event, dechallenge, and alternative etiologic candidates. We discuss some ways of improving reliability of ADR diagnosis.

Computers↗
PubMed1986

A new method for evaluating the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on atrioventricular nodal conduction.

Electrophysiological variables were studied in 19 patients before and after one of three commonly used antiarrhythmic agents. The pacing rate at which alternating Wenckebach periods appeared in eight patients was significantly reduced by intravenous digoxin (0.01 mg/kg body weight). The atrioventricular nodal conduction time (A-H interval) and Wenckebach point were not significantly altered by digoxin. Intravenous propranolol (0.1 mg/kg body weight) in four patients did not affect the A-H interval, but it reduced the pacing rates at which the Wenckebach point and alternating Wenckebach periods occurred. Intravenous disopyramide (2 mg/kg body weight) significantly increased the pacing rate required to produce alternating Wenckebach periods but did not significantly alter the other indicators of atrioventricular conduction in seven patients. It is concluded that the pacing rate required to produce alternating Wenckebach periodicity may be a useful and sensitive variable in the evaluation of the effect of antiarrhythmic agents on atrioventricular nodal conduction.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Treatment of peritonitis due to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis using a single daily intraperitoneal dose of 1g cefotiam].

Peritonitis remains the main complication of CAPD. This study demonstrates that most cases can be successfully treated with cefotiam. In 17 patients under CAPD, 33 cases of bacterial peritonitis were observed, with clinical manifestations in 28. The mean cell count in peritoneal dialysis fluid was 2 820/mm3, with 2 200/mm3 polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Causative pathogens were Staphylococcus in 18 cases, Streptococcus in 4, Stomatococcus mucilaginous in 1, Corynebacterium J.K. in 1, Enterobacter in 3, Acinetobacter in 3 and Pseudomonas in 2. Two cultures were negative. First choice treatment was a daily intraperitoneal injection of 1 g cefotiam. 68.80% of patients recovered within 6 days. Failures were due to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in 3 cases, a relapsing Stomatococcus mucilaginous infection in 1, a Streptococcus faecalis in 1, an Acinetobacter in 3 and a Pseudomonas in 2. Mean cefotiam concentrations 24 hours after the intraperitoneal injection were 9.4 +/- 7.0 micrograms/ml (range 1.3-26.4 micrograms/ml) in serum and 3.4 +/- 3.3 micrograms/ml (range 0.4-12.2 micrograms/ml) in dialysate. These concentrations are greater than most of cefotiam's MICs for susceptible bacteria, a finding that confirms the value of treatment with a single daily intraperitoneal injection of cefotiam.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Method of adjusting the netilmicin dosage in neonatal intensive care].

We tried to adapt the dose of netilmicin in an intensive care unit on 41 newborns, under 8 days of age. Individual pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated after the first intramuscular dose administration and the initial dose (3 mg/kg/twice a day) was modified in 17 cases. Methodologic problems but mainly great variations in physiology and pathology explain the difficulties in predicting the serum concentration (peak and valley) on the 7th day. A decrease in the daily dose for the preterm infant, compared to the one used in full-term infant, and a drug concentration monitoring are advised.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Effect of two antacids on the bioavailability of paracetamol.

The effect of two antacids on the bioavailability of paracetamol has been investigated in 12 young healthy volunteers. Following a random cross over design, each subject swallowed, on three separate occasions, one weak apart, 500 mg paracetamol alone, or together with two different aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide preparations (Dimalan and Maalox). Plasma paracetamol levels were measured by HPLC. The bioavailability of paracetamol was not altered by either antacid, but they both delayed the time to peak plasma concentration (0.85 h; 1.43 h; 1.25 h, without antacid, with Dimalan and with Maalox respectively). The peak plasma concentration was not affected by concurrent antacid administration.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1985

Pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin in hemodialyzed patients.

The pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin, an original antimicrobial agent, were investigated in 11 voluntary hemodialyzed patients. Fosfomycin, 2 g, was administered intravenously, 15 minutes before hemodialysis began in group 1 (6 patients), and just after hemodialysis in group 2 (6 patients). Blood samples were collected during 8 hours (group 1) and during 44 hours (group 2). Antibiotic concentrations were determined microbiologically. In group 1, half-life was 4.2 +/- 0.27 hours, total clearance 65.1 +/- 7.1 ml/mn and clearance by hemodialyzer 103 +/- 10 ml/mn. In group 2 plasma levels were 60 mg/l at the 44th hour and half-life was 48.8 +/- 17.5 hours. These results suggest that fosfomycin is actively eliminated by the hemodialyzer in group 1, and largely retained between two dialysis sessions in group 2. As for therapy, intravenous administration of 2 g after dialysis and further administration after each succeeding session are proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effect of aluminium phosphate on the bioavailability of cimetidine and prednisolone.

Ten fasting subjects received 200 mg cimetidine orally either with water or 11 g aluminium phosphate mixture in a randomized, single dose, two-way cross-over study. Blood samples were taken for 12 h and urine was collected for 24 h. Cimetidine in plasma and urine was analysed by HPLC. There were no significant differences between the treatments with respect to peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve, and urinary excretion. In 12 healthy subjects the absorption of prednisolone was investigated when given alone and together with 11 g aluminium phosphate. Blood samples were taken over 16 h and prednisolone in plasma was analysed by HPLC. There were no significant differences in the values of area under curve (AUC), Cmax and tmax. The results indicate that aluminium phosphate does not reduce the bioavailability of cimetidine and prednisolone.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Assay of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography].

The authors propose an assay technique for cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in the plasma and urine, using high performance liquid chromatography. The proteins are precipitated by adding propanol-2 to 100 microliter of plasma or urine. After centrifugation, the supernatant is extracted by a mixture of chloroform and isoamyl alcohol. The cephalosporins remain in the superior aqueous phase and a fraction of this phase is injected into the chromatograph. The cefotaxime, desacetylcefotaxime and cephaloridine (internal standard) are separated on a Radial Pak C 18 column by ion-binding chromatography. The mobile phase consists of a mixture of distilled water and acetonitrile (830/170, V/V) with the addition of an ampoule of Pic A (tetrabutylammonium phosphate). This rapid, specific and sensitive micro-method can be used for the assay of these antibiotics in adults and children, for therapeutic monitoring and for pharmacokinetic studies.

Cefotaxime↗
PubMed1984

[Determination of theophylline, phenobarbital and valproic acid by chromatographic and immunologic technics. Comparison of methods].

Theophylline, phenobarbitol, and valproic acid serum levels were measured from plasma samples using chromatographic (HPLC and GC) and by immunologic techniques using enzyme kinetics (EMIT) or fluorescence polarization (FPIA). Results of these various methods differ when examined by more stringent statistical analysis. These differences do not appear to be clinically important except possibly for valproic acid the case in employing immunologic methods as well as their rapidity render these techniques particularly useful for therapeutic surveillance.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1984

[Pharmacokinetics of alcohol after 3-hour intravenous infusion with and without cimetidine in 10 healthy non-alcoholic subjects].

Ethanol metabolism was studied in ten male non-alcoholic subjects following the constant intravenous infusion of ethanol (1.2 g/kg) administered during three hours with and without cimetidine. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on the pseudolinear portion of the elimination curve. The mean peak ethanol concentrations were not significantly different with and without cimetidine. There was no acceleration of ethanol metabolism at high concentrations: the ethanol elimination rate was similar above and under 17 mM, with and without cimetidine. Cimetidine administration had no effect on pharmacokinetic parameters of ethanol (area under the curve, Km and Vm). The fact that the ethanol elimination rate is similar whatever be its concentration and the absence of modifications of the pharmacokinetic parameters by cimetidine are not in favor of an important role of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) in the ethanol metabolism of nonalcoholic subjects. The data do not allow to examine the role of MEOS in ethanol metabolism after chronic alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Plasma determination of paracetamol using high performance liquid chromatography. Application to a pharmacokinetic study].

A plasma assay for paracetamol by HPLC is described. Paracetamol is extracted with diethyl ether in the presence of an internal standard, beta- hydroxyethyltheophylline . The extracts are analysed using reversed phase chromatography (Radial Pak C18 column), the mobile phase consisting of a buffer mixture of 0.01 mol/l acetate (pH 4)-acetonitrile (920-80, v/v). The method is simple, rapid, precise and sensitive (lower level of sensitivity 0.13 mumol/l). It was used in a pharmacokinetic study in twelve volunteers.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1983

[Pharmacokinetics of cimetidine in ascitic cirrhotics].

Eleven patients with ascitic cirrhosis and eleven patients without liver disease received 200 mg of cimetidine orally and intravenously. Plasma concentrations of cimetidine were analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography. No differences were observed in cimetidine half-life (2.53 +/- 0.63 and 2.33 +/- 0.40 h) between the two groups. Cimetidine clearance was diminished by about 30 p 100 in cirrhotic patients (0.426 +/- 0.138 vs. 0.649 +/- 0.163 l/h/kg). The apparent volume of distribution was also significantly diminished (1.50 +/- 0.44 vs. 2.14 +/- 0.55 l/kg) in patients with cirrhosis and ascites.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[High dose metoclopramide during cancer chemotherapy. Phase II study in 80 consecutive patients].

From november 1981 to january 1982, 80 consecutive patients received high dose metoclopramide, adjoined to different cancer chemotherapy regimens containing cisplatine, dacarbazine, actinomycin D or mithramycin. Nineteen of them (23,75%) had no chemotherapy induced nausea or vomiting, 30 (37,5%) had nausea alone or vomited only once, and 17 (21,3%) had 3 to 5 episodes of vomiting. The overall efficacy of high-dose metoclopramide was 83,7 per cent. It has been seen whatever the chemotherapeutic agents used, and was inchanged for the following courses in 33 of 37 patients who received 2 to 4 courses. In 25 out of 33 patients who had already received the same chemotherapy without high dose metoclopramide, the digestive tolerance have been improved by the antiemetic treatment. Toxicity of high dose metoclopramide had been encountered in 17 (21,5%) of the patients and necessited this treatment to be stopped in 10. There were mainly extrapyramidal syndroms, diarrhea and drownsiness. The toxicity of high dose metoclopramide was of concern mainly in patients younger than 30, and/or when dosage escalation have been attempted.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetics of milnacipran in liver impairment.

The pharmacokinetics of single 50 mg oral and intravenous doses of milnacipran, a new non tricyclic antidepressant drug, were compared in 11 chronic liver impaired (LI) subjects and in 6 control subjects. Hepatic impairments, classified according to the PUGH scale were moderate (1 grade A), intermediate (6 grade B) and severe (4 grade C). Concentrations of unchanged drug and its conjugated form (its main metabolite) were measured in plasma and urines. In control subjects, milnacipran present high absolute bioavailability (mean value of 90%). Around 50% of the dose are excreted in urines as unchanged, while around 14% are excreted as glucuroconjugate. The remaining is composed of free and conjugated phase I inactive metabolites. Administration of milnacipran in LI subjects results in non significant changes in its pharmacokinetics, although its variability is increased. Unchanged drug exposure is not modified in LI subjects, while plasma levels of the conjugate are slightly decreased compared to the control group. This could either be due to a slight reduction in the conjugation process, or to a change in the distribution of the drug as urine excretion of both unchanged and conjugated forms are not modified compared to the control group. A few LI subjects present supra-bioavailability resulting in higher drug exposure after oral administration than after intravenous infusion. These modifications are not clinically relevant as drug exposure of the parent drug is not modified. As the unchanged drug is the only compound responsible for the activity of milnacipran, no dosage adjustment is needed in patients presenting liver impairment.

Administration, Oral↗