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Biomedical subjects

H Allonen

Publications and source records attributed to H Allonen.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Antimuscarinic activity of oxybutynin in the human plasma quantitated by a radioreceptor assay.

The antimuscarinic activity of oxybutynin was measured as oxybutynin equivalents by a radioreceptor assay (RRA). The activity was studied in plasma samples of five volunteers after a single oral dose (10 mg) or after a single intravenous dose (28 micrograms/kg) of oxybutynin hydrochloride. The results were compared to the concentrations of the drug measured by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Following oral administration, the maximum concentration measured by RRA was significantly higher (706 nmol/l) than that by GLC (38 nmol/l). In contrast, equal concentrations were measured after intravenous administration by both methods. Metabolites with antimuscarinic activity are possibly formed through first-pass metabolism after orally administered oxybutynin. The total antimuscarinic activity of oxybutynin and its metabolites are measured by RRA, but only the parent drug by GLC.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Three years of experience after post-abortal insertion of Nova-T and Copper-T-200.

The results of 3 years of follow-up of a randomized comparative study of 331 women who had an IUD inserted immediately after a first-trimester legal abortion are presented. In one group of women, 172 Nova-T were inserted and in another, 159 Copper-T 200. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups, though the pregnancy rate for Nova-T was considerable lower than for Copper-T 200. The overall performance of the IUD equals that in a larger material of more than 1 800 insertions, both post menstrual and post abortal , of which this study is a part.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1984

Factors affecting the clinical performance of Nova T and Copper T 200.

In a randomized comparative use-effectiveness study of the copper-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs), Nova T and Copper T 200, an analysis was made of the differences in women between the participating countries and of the influence of various factors on pregnancy rate and rates of terminations. In a cohort of 1865 women the five-year gross cumulative pregnancy rates were 3.4 per 100 women for Nova T and 8.7 per 100 women for Copper T 200. The rate of unwanted pregnancy was significantly related to the type of IUD, the country, and the age of the women. Prognostic factors for expulsion or removal of the device were age, country, parity, previous use of IUD, previous vaginal delivery, and previous abortion. The differences among the results for the participating countries may reflect the effects of different policies in clinics.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1983

Five years' experience of intrauterine contraception with the Nova-T and the Copper-T-200.

A randomized study was performed for the comparison of two copper-releasing intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs), the Nova-T and the Copper-T-200, simultaneously in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Five years' experience demonstrated that Nova-T users had a significantly lower pregnancy rate than Copper-T-200 users. The Pearl index over 5 years was 0.8 for Nova-T users and 2.0 for Copper-T users. The performance and tolerance of the Nova-T were less affected by parity and age than was the performance of the Copper-T. Infections were treated by removal of the device and with antibiotics. The cumulative rate of removals because of infections and suspected infections was below 5 with both devices over 5 years. The copper wire in the Nova-T has a silver core which prevents corrosion-induced fragmentation of the wire. Hence, the effective lifetime of this device is more than 5 years. The results indicate that the Nova-T, which is easy to insert and remove and is associated with a low pregnancy rate and a low medical termination rate, is a real improvement over other IUDs.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Pharmacokinetics and the sedative effect of midazolam.

The pharmacokinetics and their relation to the pharmacodynamic properties of midazolam, the first water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative, are reviewed. Pharmacokinetically, midazolam is a unique derivative among the benzodiazepines. After both oral and parenteral routes of administration, it has a fast absorption rate, and differing from older derivatives it is very rapidly excreted with a half-life of only about 2 h. A reasonably good correlation has been found with the plasma levels and clinical effects, indicating a fast but short clinical response. Midazolam appears to be a useful short-acting hypnotic having almost no residual effects the following morning. In anesthesiology both oral and parenteral drug forms can be used for premedication. In addition, it is a new alternative for inducing anesthesia when a slow induction time is chosen or its advantageous properties: good cardiovascular stability, transient and mild respiratory depression, low frequency of venous irritation, production of anterograde amnesia, and short duration of action (last-mentioned property in comparison with other benzodiazepines).

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Two years' experience with two levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices and one copper-releasing intrauterine device: a randomized comparative performance study.

A randomized comparative performance study of two levonorgestrel intrauterine devices (IUDs) and a copper (Nova-T) IUD (Leiras, Turku, Finland) was performed at two clinics in Finland and one in Brazil. The 24-month cumulative event rates per 100 women are reported. Six thousand woman-months of use were recorded with the levonorgestrel IUD and 3000 with the Nova-T device. Pregnancy rates at 2 years of use were 0.6 and 0 with the two levonorgestrel IUDs and 3.3 with the Nova-T IUD. Removal rates because of bleeding and/or pain were low with all three IUDs: 7.5, 7.6, and 7.1, respectively, at 24 months. Recordings of the number of days of bleeding showed significantly fewer days of bleeding during use of the levonorgestrel IUDs than the Nova-T IUD from the second month of use onward, until the end of the second year. No infections were recorded in association with use of the levonorgestrel IUDs, and only one termination because of infection was recorded for the Nova-T IUD. The continuation rates of use at 24 months were 66.6, 60.7, and 71.9 for the two levonorgestrel IUDs and the Nova-T IUD, respectively; the differences were not statistically significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Return of fertility after the removal of Nova T or copper T 200.

The return of fertility after removal of Nova T or Copper T 200 IUDs was studied in 150 women who had a removal for planning pregnancy in a study performed for the comparison of the clinical performance of these IUDs in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. There was no significant difference in the return of fertility of women having used either device. The cumulative probability of pregnancy per 100 women after the removal of the IUD, as a net rate, was 77.3 at one year, 88.9 at two years and 92.4 at three years. The return of fertility was analyzed separately for those women who had used their IUD for less than two years and for two or more years. The duration of the use had no significant effect on the return of fertility. The outcome of pregnancy, the birth weight, the condition at delivery and the sex ratio of the newborns were normal in the participating countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Clinical performance of a new levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. A randomized comparison with a nova-T-copper device.

The clinical performance of two levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs) with different release rates was studied and compared with a copper-releasing Nova-T device in a randomized partly double-blind multiclinical trial. Special attention was given to patterns of bleeding, hormonal side-effects, blood pressure and body weight. The clinical acceptability of the levonorgestrel IUDs was as good as that of the copper-releasing IUD. A highly significant decrease in the amount of menstrual blood loss was seen with the levonorgestrel-IUDs, the users of which experienced fewer days of bleeding than prior to insertion. Patients suffering from dysmenorrhea experienced relief from this symptom after insertion of a levonorgestrel-IUD. Some side-effects, usually referred to as hormonal, increased during the levonorgestrel-IUD use, but did not result in higher termination rates than with the Nova-T device. No changes in body weight were recorded for the levonorgestrel-IUDs and a slight decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was found after one year of use. No infections were recorded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Ergotamine vs. metoclopramide vs. their combination in acute migraine attacks.

The effect of ergotamine tartrate was compared with that of the antiemetic agent metoclopramide and with those of two combinations in a double-blind trial of 24 adult female patients with migraine. The following combinations of the drugs were used in oral administration in a total of 176 acute migraine attacks: (a) Ergotamine 1 mg, (b) Metoclopramide 20 mg, (c) Ergotamine 1 mg + metoclopramide 20 mg, (d) Ergotamine 2 mg + metoclopramide 20 mg. The duration of attacks was significantly shorter on both of the combinations compared with the single drugs. The intensity of the pain was somewhat weaker and the appearance of nausea and vomiting somewhat but not significantly less during the combination treatments. In their overall opinion the patients favored the 2 mg + 20 mg combination significantly more than the others. Both ergotamine and metoclopramide are efficient in acute migraine attacks. Their combination seems to enhance the therapeutic response in some respects.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

Bioavailability of paediatric mixtures containing phenoxymethylpenicillin calcium or potassium salt.

The bioavailability of the calcium and potassium salts of phenoxymethyl-penicillin (dose 38,000 I.U./kg) was investigated in eight healthy adult volunteers. Administration of the calcium salt as an aqueous oral mixture resulted in a mean peak plasma concentration of 8.52 mg/l (SD 1 X 96) and that of the potassium salt mixture in a concentration of 8.40 mg/ml (SD 2.61), p greater than 0.1. The median time-to-peak levels were 0.75 h and 1.0 h, respectively (p greater than 0.1). The mean AUC for the calcium salt mixture was 16.94 mg X h/l (SD 3.31) and for the potassium salt 15.84 mg X h/l (SD 4.76), p less than 0.09. These findings confirm that an aqueous mixture of calcium phenoxymethylpenicillin is equivalent to a mixture of potassium phenoxymethylpenicillin.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Bioavailability and clinical effects of three brands of clonidine: the relationship between plasma level and effect.

The bioavailability and effect on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, salivary flow, skin temperature, and subjective sedation of three brands of clonidine were studied in nine healthy volunteers after a single 300-micrograms oral dose. In the gas chromatographically determined plasma concentrations there was no significant difference, nor was there any difference in the clinical effects studied. Highly significant correlations between the plasma concentrations and drug effects were found.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The pharmacokinetics of disopyramide and mono-N-dealkyl-disopyramide in humans.

The pharmacokinetics of disopyramide and its metabolite mono-N-dealkyl-disopyramide (MND) were studied after a single oral and intramuscular dose and at steady state in healthy volunteers, after an intravenous dose in post-surgery patients, and after a single oral dose in two patients with renal insufficiency. After an oral dose in healthy volunteers the plasma elimination half-life of total disopyramide was 8.65 +/- 1.37 h, and that of the non protein-bound disopyramide, 4.74 +/- 1.20 h. The protein binding of disopyramide varied from 0.58 to nearly 1.0, and was concentration dependent. All subjects had detectable amounts of MND in plasma. Its elimination half-life was 12.9 +/- 6.43 h. The ratio of MND to disopyramide was 0.23 +/- 0.09 in plasma and 0.46 +/- 0.11 in urine. There was a close correlation (r = 0.868) between the renal clearances of free disopyramide and creatinine. The renal clearances of disopyramide (both free and total), MND, and creatinine varied with time; this resembled variation in the urine flow. The kinetics of one dose at steady state did not differ markedly from that of a single dose. The elimination half-lives of total disopyramide varied from 4.4 to 17.1 in post-surgery patients, and those of the renal patients were 10.6 and 8.7 h.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

Hemodynamic effects of labetalol in healthy volunteers.

The hemodynamic effects of intravenous injection of 1 mg/kg of labetalol were measured in eight healthy volunteers, using impedance cardiography and systolic time intervals. The mean systolic blood pressure was reduced by 10% (p less than 0.01) and diastolic by 6% (p less than 0.05) 30 min after the injection, and they had returned to pre-drug level 2 h after administration. Heart rate declined consistently throughout the observation period. Cardiac index was reduced by 16% (p less than 0.05), but the changes in stroke volume (- 6%) and peripheral resistance (+ 23%) were not statistically significant. Left ventricular ejection time index increased by 2% (p less than 0.05), and nonsignificant changes were found for pre-ejection period index (- 3%), total electromechanical time index (+ 1%), and PEP/LVET ratio (+ 5%). In healthy subjects resting supine the intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg of labetalol had predominantly beta-blocking effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Intrauterine contraception with levonorgestrel: a comparative randomised clinical performance study.

Two levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices (IUD) with different release rates of levonorgestrel and a 'Nova-T' copper-releasing device were compared in a randomised clinical performance study. 327 women had a levonorgestrel IUD and 156 women a nova-T device inserted postmenstrually. No statistically significant differences in the reasons for termination between the three devices were found in 12 months. The continuation rates for the two levonorgestrel IUDs were 84.1 and 81.4 and for the nova-T device 87.5. Duration of menstrual bleeding and spotting was highly significantly shorter with the levonorgestrel IUDs than with the nova-T device. There were no infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Intrauterine contraception with Nova-T and copper-T-200 during three years.

A randomized comparative trial on the clinical performance of two copper-releasing IUDs (Nova-T and Copper-T-200) was performed simultaneously in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. After three years the cumulative pregnancy rate was 1.9 for Nova-T and 5.0 for Copper-T. This difference in efficacy was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Copper-T had a lower expulsion rate (p less than 0.05) in the total series but not in postmenstrual insertions. Differences between the two devices in other termination rates were not statistically significant. Analysis according to age and parity demonstrated that the pregnancy rate of Nova-T was lower than that of Copper-T in every age and parity group. The pregnancy rate of Nova-T was not effected by age or parity whereas the pregnancy rate and the expulsion rate of Copper-T decreased with increasing age and parity. The removal rate because of infection decreased markedly after the first year of use for both devices. The cumulative rate of removals for infection during the three years of use was not significantly correlated to age and there was no correlation to parity. The continuation rates increased with age and parity. The continuation rates of nulli- and primiparous women were almost identical with both devices and lower than continuation rates of women with 2 or three or more children. Only 11% of the women were lost to follow-up during 36 months. Nova-T had superior effectiveness in preventing undesired pregnancies when compared with Copper-T. The performance of Nova-T is less affected by age and parity then the performance of Copper-T. The silver core in copper wire gives a prolongation of the life-span for Nova-T. For these reasons, Nova-T appears to meet the requirements for an ideal IUD.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Midazolam kinetics.

The effect-kinetics of the new benzodiazepine midazolam was evaluated in six subjects after single oral (7.5 and 15 mg) and intravenous (0.075 mg/kg) doses and infusion programs. The drug is bound to plasma proteins by 94%, and less than 0.5% is excreted unchanged in urine. Hepatic elimination is rapid: t1/2 beta is 2.4 +/- 0.8 hr (mean +/- S.D) and total body clearance is 283 +/- 43 ml/min (plasma) or 502 +/- 105 ml/min (blood). This substantial first-pass effect leads to bioavailability of only 44%, despite very rapid absorption (t1/2abs = 0.23 +/- 0.37 hr) after oral dosing. There is good intraindividual linear correlations (r between 0.68 and 0.97) between plasma levels and dynamic effects, as assessed by the d2 letter cancellation test and a sedation index formed from visual analogue scales.

Administration, Oral↗