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Biomedical subjects

H Aune

Publications and source records attributed to H Aune.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

International, multicentre, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of ondansetron vs. metoclopramide in the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.

Ondansetron 4 mg was compared with metoclopramide 10 mg for prevention of post-operative nausea and emesis in in-patients undergoing major gynaecological surgery in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. A total of 1044 patients received a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of study medication immediately before induction of anaesthesia. Nausea and emesis were assessed over the 24 h post-operative period. Significantly more patients who received ondansetron experienced no emetic episodes (44%) compared with those who received metoclopramide (37%, P = 0.049) or placebo (25%, P < 0.001). No nausea was experienced by significantly more patients who received ondansetron (32%) than with patients who received metoclopramide (24%, P = 0.009) or placebo (16%, P < 0.001). In addition, fewer emetic episodes, less severe nausea and a reduced need for rescue antiemetics were also observed with ondansetron (P < 0.05 vs. metoclopramide and placebo). Metoclopramide and placebo-treated patients were also 1.5 times (95% Cl 1.5-4.2) and 2.5 times (95% Cl 1.1-2.0) more likely, respectively, to experience nausea post-operatively. Overall, ondansetron was the most effective antiemetic in this patient population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Accepted low hemoglobin levels in the perioperative period. A questionnaire survey among Norwegian anesthesiologists].

Declining haemoglobin concentrations are accepted in order to avoid allogeneic blood transfusions in surgical patients. A questionnaire was sent to all members of the Norwegian Association of Anaesthesiologists addressing the question of safe blood levels of haemoglobin in different patient groups, and the different blood conservation techniques used in their hospital. 206 questionnaires (49%) were returned. Intraoperative and postoperative autotransfusions were the two most frequently used methods of saving blood. The survey demonstrates a wide diversity in the accepted lower haemoglobin levels, especially in children, and in spite of its limitations sheds light on Norwegian anaesthetists' routines as regards the indications for blood transfusion and blood conservation in the perioperative period.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Infusion of barbiturates as a compenent in the treatment of refractory pain in patients with terminal cancer].

Four patients with advanced cancer were referred to the Pain Team because of refractory pain symptoms. They received intravenous barbiturates prior to death. All attempts at palliative treatment had been exhausted. The symptoms were described by patients and family as unendurable. After adding intravenous thiopental, relief and tranquility were achieved. All four patients died peacefully. The need to sedate to a state of unconsciousness or semi-consciousness to relieve symptoms in dying cancer patients is extremely rare. After all viable alternatives have been explored, titrated barbiturate infusion as an adjuvant may fill a void in the care of especially challenging patients as they approach death from terminal cancer.

Anesthetics, Intravenous↗
PubMed1993

Continuous intravenous interleukin-2 infusion and subcutaneous interferon-alpha in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

In a phase II trial patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) received two induction cycles each consisting of 24-h intravenous infusions of interleukin-2 (IL-2) 18 x 10(6) U/m2/day and interferon (IFN) 3 x 10(6) U/m2/day given subcutaneously on days 1-5 and 8-12 of a 2-week cycle. Between cycles 1 and 2 there was a 3-week treatment-free interval. Maintenance therapy consisted of four monthly cycles of IL-2 and IFN. Due to considerable toxicity the trial was prematurely closed after inclusion of 16 of 23 scheduled patients. Three partial responses were observed. Nine events of severe or life-threatening side-effects occurred and 8 patients were transferred to the intensive care unit. The combination of continuous intravenous high-dose infusions of IL-2 and subcutaneously given IFN is moderately effective, but too toxic for routine treatment of MRCC.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Skin injury in an infant with pulse oximetry.

An 11-month-old girl received 23 propofol anaesthetics for radiation treatment of a retinoblastoma. After the first two anaesthetics, a skin injury appeared on the pulp of the toes, where the light source of a pulse oximeter probe had been placed. During the remaining 21 anaesthetics the light source of the probe was placed over the nails, and no other skin lesions occurred. Examination of the equipment revealed no malfunction. Thermal and other possible causes of the skin injury are discussed.

Eye Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacokinetics of trimeprazine in children.

The pharmacokinetics of trimeprazine (alimemazine) were studied over 24 hr in six children after a recommended preanaesthetic oral dose of 3 mg.kg-1. The degree of sedation before anaesthesia was evaluated. Median maximal venous blood drug concentration was 0.357 mumols.1(-1), 1-2 hr after oral ingestion, half-life 6.8 hr and AUC0-infinity h 2.758 mumols.1(-1) hr. Assuming 100 per cent bioavailability, blood clearance was estimated to median 3.7 1.kg-1.hr-1. Trimeprazine concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in venous blood were compared in three other children, measured by gas chromatography. No trimeprazine was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. We found a rough correlation between preanaesthetic sedation and blood trimeprazine concentrations. The kinetic parameters showed substantial interindividual differences, and accordingly, major interindividual variations in drug response might be anticipated even on standardized dosage regimens.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

An experimental study on ethanol elimination at subphysiological temperatures.

Hepatocytes isolated from fed and fasted rats have been used to study the rate of ethanol elimination at different incubation temperatures. In the presence of exogenous pyruvate, hepatocytes from fed and 42 hr fasted rats, eliminated ethanol at 37 degrees by a rate of 11.6 +/- 3.4 and 6.4 +/- 0.8 nmol/min./mg of cell protein (+/- S.D.; n = 5), respectively, which are comparable to the rates obtained in vivo. The ethanol oxidation rate in cells from rats of both nutritional states correlated linearily to the incubation temperature (t = 24-37 degrees) with a temperature coefficient (Q10) of 1.8-2.3. (Q10, (= temperature coefficient) is the factor by which the enzyme activity is increased on raising the temperature 10 degrees). These findings indicate that the oxidation is not controlled by processes which involve membrane transitions in the temperature range 24-37 degrees. Our results indicate that a hypothermic individual with a body temperature of 27 degrees would have a 40-50 per cent inhibition of the ethanol elimination rate. Thus, the observed dependency of the ethanol oxidation on the body temperature has to be regarded in back-calculations of blood ethanol concentrations in forensic toxicology.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The effect of ethanol intake on propoxyphene absorption and biotransformation in dogs.

The effect of ethanol (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) on gastrointestinal absorption and presystemic biotransformation of propoxyphene (4 mg/kg) was studied in dogs in a crossover design. Low ethanol doses (0.5 g/kg) had no effect on the bioavailability of propoxyphene. High ethanol doses (1.0 g/kg) enhanced the bioavailability of orally administered propoxyphene significantly (p less than 0.05). With this dose of ethanol, the area under the blood concentration versus time curve (AUC)0-5 h of propoxyphene was approximately 200% of the control value. The level of norpropoxyphene, a major metabolite of propoxyphene, was significantly decreased (p less than 0.05) after administration of high ethanol doses. In all blood samples, after propoxyphene administration, an unidentified metabolite of propoxyphene was found, which formation was dose dependently inhibited by ethanol.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Acute interaction of halothane and enflurane with the metabolism of ethanol in isolated hepatocytes and liver cytosol preparations from the rat.

The effects of halothane and enflurane on ethanol (40 mM) oxidation were studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Anaesthetic (halothane, enflurane and diethyl ether) effect on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was studied in incubations of cytosol preparations from rat liver. Mean rates of ethanol metabolism ranged from 0.44 to 0.49 mumol ethanol metabolized/mg cell protein/hour in control hepatocytes from fasted and fed animals. These rates were enhanced by 2- and 3-fold in hepatocytes from fed and fasted animals, respectively, when pyruvate (5 mM) was added. Halothane and enflurane both caused dose dependent inhibition of ethanol metabolism (15-40%) in all hepatocytes without exogenous addition of pyruvate. The inhibitory effect was present also after pyruvate stimulation in hepatocytes from fasted animals, but disappeared in hepatocytes from fed animals when pyruvate was added. The rate of ethanol oxidation by cells from fed rats was enhanced by approximately 40% when the concentration of ethanol was increased from 20 mM to 80 mM. The anaesthetic inhibition of ethanol metabolism was about 20% more pronounced at the higher ethanol concentration compared to the lower concentration when no pyruvate was added. In the presence of pyruvate the effect of anaesthetics was again reversed regardless of ethanol concentration. Halothane (2 mM) and enflurane (2 mM) both caused about 25% inhibition of the ADH-activity in cytosol preparations while ether (30 mM) caused more than 50% inhibition. No inhibition of hepatocyte uptake of ethanol was caused by any of the three anaesthetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1984

Effect of diethylether on the formation of paracetamol sulphate and glucuronide in isolated rat hepatocytes.

Diethylether has previously been shown to inhibit several pathways of drug metabolism, including conjugation of paracetamol in isolated rat hepatocytes. Since overall paracetamol conjugation consists of pathways of different subcellular localization (cytosolar sulphation and microsomal glucuronidation) the response of both pathways to diethylether was tested. The elimination of paracetamol (160 mumol/l, initial concentration) and the formation of paracetamol sulphate and glucuronide were measured (high-performance liquid chromatography) in suspensions of isolated rat hepatocytes from fasted and fed animals over 1 h in the absence and presence of diethylether (30 mmol/l). Approximately 90% of the paracetamol elimination was by sulphation and nearly 10% by glucuronidation both in the controls and in the presence of ether. The overall disposition of paracetamol and the formation of sulphate were both reduced by about 50% in the presence of ether compared to the controls while the formation of glucuronide was reduced by 70%. The results were not influenced by the nutritional state of the animals before sacrifice. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of ether on total paracetamol metabolism was mainly caused by reduced sulphation. Since microsomal glucuronidation was also inhibited by ether, both cytosolar and microsomal enzyme systems were sensitive to diethylether.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1983

Acute effects of halothane and enflurane on drug metabolism and protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.

The metabolism of sulphanilamide, antipyrine and paracetamol was studied in the absence and presence of the anaesthetics halothane and enflurane at three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) in isolated hepatocytes from the rat. Cell viability and protein synthesis were monitored to evaluate toxic effects. A strong concentration related inhibition of antipyrine oxidation (40-70%) and paracetamol conjugation (20-40%) was caused by both halothane and enflurane. Acetylation of sulphanilamide was not inhibited, however, as a slight augmentation was noticed. A significant dose related decrease of cell viability (3-13%) was caused by both anaesthetics. Dose dependent inhibition of the synthesis of stationary cell proteins (15-60%) and the synthesis/secretion of medium proteins (35-85%) was caused by halothane. Similar but slightly less pronounced effects were caused by enflurane. The present findings show that volatile anaesthetics may have general effects as well as different degrees of specific effects on both membrane bound enzyme and soluble enzyme activities.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Diethyl ether influence on the metabolism of antipyrine, paracetamol and sulphanilamide in isolated rat hepatocytes.

Drug metabolism was studied in suspensions of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. The influence of diethyl ether 2.5-30 mmol litre-1 on metabolism of antipyrine, paracetamol and sulphanilamide was studied. A dose-related ether inhibition of antipyrine and paracetamol metabolism was found. Fifty per cent inhibition of antipyrine metabolism occurred at ether concentrations between 2.5 and 5 mmol litre-1 while 50% inhibition of paracetamol metabolism was found at greater ether concentrations (20-30 mmol litre-1). No ether inhibition of sulphanilamide metabolism was demonstrated. It is concluded that different degrees of ether interaction have to be considered for the various hepatic pathways of drug metabolism.

Acetaminophen↗