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Biomedical subjects

H Bergner

Publications and source records attributed to H Bergner.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

[The rearing of female twin cattle using only feed pellets in comparison with straw pellets plus a concentrate mixture. 2. Weight gain and feed consumption as well as rumen fermentation in the 1st half of the 2d year of life].

In investigations with 30 young cows (twin cattle) the applicability of straw materials as sole roughage was tested during the first half of their second year of life (183 feeding days). In the course of the experiment sole feed pellets (I) and partly pelleted rations of dried feed (straw pellets plus loose wheat and loose wheat straw resp.; II) were used. Approximately 72% of the dry matter intake was provided from straw materials in both groups and on an average of the test period. Weight gain and feed expenditure were ascertained and at the end of the test period also the parameters of rumen fermentation and of the concentration of some metabolism parameters in the blood serum. With feed supply being restrictive (2.2 kg dry matter/100 kg live weight), a high dry matter intake from straw (1.6 kg/100 kg live weight or 4.8 kg/animal and day resp.) and average weight gains of between 574 (I) and 582 g (II) were achieved. The standard expenditure of energy (kEFUcattle) and protein stated in the GDR feed evaluation system for this period of development was undercut by 27 (II) and 29 (I)% and 12 (II) and 18 (I)% resp. On average the expenditure of kEFUcattle/kg weight gain was 4.75 (I) and 4.98 (II) and that of digestible crude protein/kg weight gain 679 (I) and 733 g (II). Compared to standard values the expenditure of energy and feed expenditure from concentrates was 80%. Rumen fermentation conditions corresponded to those of a high cellulolytic activity (C2: C3 ratio of greater than 4: 1). The only significant differences between the groups at the time of sampling were to be observed in the total concentration of volatile fatty acids and in the pH-value in the rumen. The absolute (1/animal) and relative (1/kg dry matter intake) volume of rumen fluid varied between 65 and 70 and between 10.5 and 12.5 1. The ascertained concentration of selected metabolism parameters were within the physiologic standard range.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

[Mean retention time of 51Cr-EDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline in the digestive tract of sheep and bulls fed straw pellets].

Two lots of straw pellets (supplemented with 10% molasses), produced either with a 5 mm sieve in a hammer mill (lot A) or with a 12 mm sieve (lot B) from wheat straw, were tested with 4 sheep (wethers, average live weight 43 kg) and 4 bulls (average 170 kg). After carrying out a digestibility experiment, the mean retention time (mrt), the 80%-excretion of the markers and the transit time were ascertained with the help of 51Cr-EDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline. The digestibility of carbohydrates (both crude fibre and N-free extracts) was significantly higher for the bulls than for the sheep. Mrt, transit time and 80%-marker excretion were ascertained as follows: (Table: see text) The better digestion performance of carbohydrates from pelleted wheat straw in bulls in contrast to the sheep is due to the longer retention time of the digesta in the digestive tract of bulls. In connection with the considerably higher ruminating capacity of cattle in comparison to sheep, a longer retention time of the straw particles (Welch, 1982) in the reticulo-rumen must be considered.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

[Relation between 15N excretion in feces following oral 15N urea administration and blood urea concentration in relation to raw fiber intake in swine].

9 pigs of a live weight at the beginning of the experiment of 33 kg received in 3 consecutive series of experiments (3 animals/group) a basic barley ration of 1.0-1.2 kg per animal and day. In groups 1 to 9 the following supplements were given: 1 = without N-supplement, 2 = 10.5 g urea, 3 = 79 g dried skim milk, 4 = 11 g urea, 5 = without N-supplement, 6 = 110 g horse bean coarse meal, 7 = without N-supplement, 8 = 95 g dried skim milk, 9 = 120 g horse bean coarse meal. In groups 1-6 the ration was supplemented with 150-165 g DM partly hydrolysed straw meal per animal and day. After 20 days the animals received a single dosis of 0.5 g/kg0.75 15N-urea (72.1 atom-% 15N-excess) with the morning meal of the first day of the experiment. During the four days of the experiment groups 1-6, due to the straw meal supplement, excreted significantly higher N-amounts than the corresponding groups 7-9. In comparison with the first day of the experiment (1 h after the morning meal) urea concentration in the blood decreased to the following percentage in the sequence 1-9: 64; 65; 77; 54; 64; 73; 82; 88; 84 on the second day of the experiment (1 h before the evening meal. Between the excretion of 15N-excess in faeces (y = mg) during the four days of the experiment and the concentration of urea in the blood (x = mmol/l) there was the following significant negative correlation: y = -40.1 X +340.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

[Nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants. 1. Metabolism of i.v. infused 15N-urea without additional carbohydrate supply to the large intestine].

The experiments were carried out on 3 bulls (body weight: 172, 229 and 193 kg), equipped with ileo-caecal cannulas and with catheters in the jugular veins on both sides. The offered pelleted ration consisted of straw 73%, molasses 12%, cereals 10%, ammonium hydrogen carbonate 3% and urea 2%. Feed intake amounted to about 3 kg per animal and day. During a preliminary period of 5 days 50% of ileal digesta were collected for 12 hours daily, deep-freezed and stored. In the main experiment 15N-urea was infused intravenously for 24 hours. During this period and during the following 6 hours ileal digesta were collected and replaced by precollected, unlabelled digesta. The urea metabolism was estimated by the 15N-labelling of blood urea, by the 15N-excretion via faeces and urea, by the appearance of 15N in ileal digesta and by the 15N-labelling of faecal NAN, NH3 and bacterial fraction. The time course of the 15N-labelling of plasma urea during infusion can be described by an exponential function. The urea flux rate was estimated from the calculated plateau value. The flux rate for the 3 animals was 28.8, 30.7 and 34.8 mumol per minute per kg0.75, respectively. During the infusion of 15N-urea 1.0-2.4% of the infused amount of 15N' appeared in ileal digesta, half of it in the TCA precipitable fraction. At the same time the 15N-labelling of faecal NH3 increased sharply, however, the 15N-labelling of the faecal bacterial fraction was smaller by one order of magnitude. Deficiency of fermentable substrates and problems of inhomogenity of the NH3 pool are supposed as reasons for this result. 30 to 50% of the urea flux entered the digestive tract, the direct entry of urea into the large intestine seems to be only very low.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of glutamic acid content in the diet on the catabolic rate of the isotope-labeled glutamic acid in rats. 4. Measurement of 14C-glutamic acid oxidation to 14CO2 with various energy sources in the diet].

48 male rats (body weight 80-100 g) were fed with 2 diets different in the glutamic acid content (diet I 2.42 and diet II 6.24% glutamic acid in the dry matter). The mixture of the other synthetic L-amino acids was adapted to the egg protein pattern corresponding 10% crude protein in the diet. Each diet was fed either on 73% or 98 to 104% of the energy maintenance requirement. After 7 days of experimental feeding 14C-U-L-glutamic acid was given to each group by intragastric infusion (i.g.), intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous injection (s.c.), respectively, followed by a measurement of the CO2-and 14CO2-excretion during two subsequent periods of 3 hours. The CO2-excretion was lower in animals with restricted energy intake especially during the first 3 hour-period, which was started 2 hours after feed intake. The relative 14CO2-excretion (percent of the dose) was neither significantly influenced by the level of energy intake nor by the amount of dietary glutamic acid. The highest degradation rates of 14C-glutamic acid to 14CO2 were measured after i.g. application (more than 50%), followed by the i.p. injection (nearly 50%) and the lowest values were observed after s.c. injection (about 40%). These differences were only evident during the first CO2-absorption period. Furthermore the s.c. injection caused a lower specific radioactivity of CO2 compared with the data after i.g. and i.p. application. The results suggest the high metabolic activity of the intestinal tissue for glutamic acid.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Effect of spinning and additional cross-linking with dialdehyde starch or aluminum ions on the digestibility and quality of casein-Vicia faba protein isolate mixtures.

Studies were made in adult rats using an isotopic 15N method. Whole egg, wheat, casein and Vicia faba protein isolate served as reference proteins. The diets were isonitrogenous and feed intake was adjusted to the maintenance energy level. Variations in true N digestibility were small (91.8-96.1%). The amount of metabolic fecal nitrogen in animals receiving the diet containing wheat was 9.4 mg/100 g body weight compared with 4.9-5.8 mg in the other diets. The differences in nutritional quality for maintenance between proteins of plant and animal origin were small. However, spinning (alkaline treatment) and additional cross-linking with aluminum ions or dialdehyde starch affected the nutritional quality for maintenance.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1984

[Comparative studies of the digestibility of wheat straw pellets with different proportions of concentrated feed in sheep and bulls. 2. Rumen fermentation studies].

4 sheep (wethers) and 4 bulls (130-140 kg live weight) received pellets of straw and concentrated feed of the charges 1-5 produced from the same wheat straw. The quota of wheat coarse meal in the pellets was, in the sequence 1 to 5:31.4; 29.7; 15.3; 11.5 and 7.8% (charge 5 contained in addition to this 7.4% dried sugar beet). The crude fibre content in the DM, in the same sequence, was as follows: 25.9; 28.1; 28.7; 31.7 and 34.4%. The total content of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen fluid of the sheep was between 96.6 and 97.8 mmol/l (all 5 charges) and in the rumen fluid of the bulls between 83.4 and 90.5 m mol/l. There were no significant differences between the groups. The molar acetic acid content after the feeding of charge 1 (poorer in crude fibre) was 67.4% (sheep) and 68.0% (bulls) and rose with the increasing crude fibre content in the case of charge 5 to 70.5% and 72.2% resp. The content of propionic acid did not rise in the pelleted rations with the growing cereal quota and, identically for sheep and bulls, amounted to 17.7 mol% and 17.8 mol% on an average of the 5 rations. The molar butyric acid content decreased significantly with both species with the growing crude fibre content of the pelleted charges. The sum of the VFA with branched chains (isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid) increased significantly in both species with the growing quota of cereal coarse meal in the pellet charges. In the bulls, however, the increase was distinctly steeper, which is probably connected with the significantly higher pH-value and a higher proteolysis rate in the rumen fluid of the bulls (charges 1 to 2) in comparison with the sheep.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

[Endogenous nitrogen metabolism in 15N-labeled swine. 1. Course of 15N-labeling and 15N excretion in urine and feces under 4 different diets].

Four male castrated pigs (55-65 kg) either received a wheat--fish meal diet (1 and 2) or a wheat--horse bean diet (3 and 4) without straw meal supplement (1 and 3) or with a supplement of 20% DM partly hydrolysed straw meal to the DM of the ration (2 and 4). In order to investigate whether a 15N-labelling of the pigs is also possible with a protein excess in the ration, the animals 1 and 2 received 24.8 g and the animals 3 and 4 = 11.6 g crude protein/kg0,75 live weight. During a 10-day 15N-labelling 385 mg 15N-excess (15N') per kg0,75 were applied in a mixture of ammonia acetate and ammonia chloride in the feed. During the period of 15N-labelling the following quotas of the applied 15N-amount were incorporated: 1 = 10.2%, 2 = 7.2%, 3 = 18.7%, 4 = 14.4%. 15N-excretion in both TCA fractions of faeces showed a highly significant positive correlation to the increasing content of crude fibre in the 4 diets. The immediate 15N-incorporation into the TCA-precipitable fraction of faeces (from the 2nd of the beginning of the 15N-application onwards) proves that 15N enters the large intestine endogenously (probably as 15N-urea) and serves bacterial protein synthesis. Three days after the last 15N-application the pigs were killed. The following values of atom-% 15N' could be determined in the TCA-precipitable blood plasma and in the TCA-precipitable fraction of the liver: 1 = 0.18 and 0.19 resp., 2 = 0.22 and 0.27 resp., 3 = 0.22 and 0.23 resp. and 4 = 0.24 and 0.26 resp. The other examined organs and tissues showed smaller differences between the test animals. The following atom-% 15N' were measured in the TCA-precipitable fractions on an average of the 4 test pigs: kidney = 0.20, pancreas = 0.18, intestinal wall tissue, duodenum = 0.18, jejunum (beginning) = 0.17, jejunum (end) = 0.15, ileum = 0.15, caecum = 0.16, colon (beginning) = 0.15, colon (middle) = 0.14, colon (end) = 0.13, stomach (cardia) = 0.11, stomach (fundus) = 0.12, spleen = 0.13, heart = 0.12, skin = 0.07 and skeleton muscles = 0.06. The results show that the 15N-labelling of tissues and organs of pigs is also possible at a high level of protein supply by means of an oral application of 15N ammonia salts.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Investigations of the influence of the content of plant crude protein in the ration on the utilisation of urea in dairy cattle. 5. 15N-fractions in the blood of lactating cows given 15N-urea intraruminantly.

The incorporation of urea-15N (given as an intraruminal drench or infusion) into plasma urea and protein of dairy cows fed isoenergetic rations with different levels of plant protein (9, 11, 12, 14, 15 and 17% in DM) was investigated. A nonlinear and asymptotic dependence between the plasma concentration of urea and protein level in the ration was stated. The availability of dietary urea-15N for plasma urea for 48 hours after administration was lowest in cows fed with low protein rations (9 and 11% of plant protein). On the contrary the highest incorporation of urea-15N into plasma protein of these animals was observed. The possible explanation of these results is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Endogenous nitrogen metabolism in 15N-labeled swine. 3. Endogenous excretion of 15N- and 14C-labeled secretions following a 14C-leucine injection].

Four pigs (59-65 kg live weight) were labelled over a period of 10 days with 15N in the feeding of a fishmeal diet (1), a fishmeal diet + partly hydrolysed straw meal (2), a horse bean diet (3) and a horse bean diet + partly hydrolysed straw meal (4). After a 24-hour fasting the animals were provided with simple cannulae in the upper part of the small intestines. After a fasting period of 24 h all four pigs received a 14C-leucine injection and the cannula secretion was collected in the subsequent 24 h. After the feeding of the diets without straw meal supplement (1 and 3) there were distinct differences in the secretion in comparison with the feeding with straw meal supplements (2 and 4) despite the long fasting period (48-72 h). 14C-activity could already be detected in the TCA-precipitable fraction of the secretion after 3-6 min of the injection in 1 and 3 but only 20 to 25 min after the 14C-leucine injection in 2 and 4. The specific 14C-leucine activity of the TCA-soluble fraction of the secretion was, after the straw meal supplementation to the fish meal diet, 15 times higher 25 min after the 14C-leu-injection, 25 times higher after 70 min, 36 times after 2 h and 1.8 times after 4 h than without straw meal supplementation. For all four diets a specific correlation (r = 0.96) could be ascertained between the increase of 14C-activity/mg N in the TCA-soluble fraction and the increasing crude fibre content in the diet between 25 and 180 min after the injection. Furthermore, a distinctly decreased N-secretion/h could be ascertained (correlation coefficient r = 0.84) with the increasing crude fibre content in the diet. The influence of the crude fibre on the parameters mentioned is seen in the changed osmotic conditions in the secretion, which may be caused by the changed regulation by hormones of the gastro-intestinal tract. The atom-% 15N' in both TCA-fractions of the secretion underwent big rhythmic variations, which is explained by different ratios of the components pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juice.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of glutamic acid content of the diet on isotope-labeled glutamic acid catabolism in rats. 1. The course of 14CO excretion following intragastric administration of 14C-glutamic acid].

Male rats received in 8 groups of 10 animals each for a period of 7 days 7 synthetic diets and one semisynthetic diet on maintenance requirement level. A L-amino acid mixture corresponding to the pattern of egg protein without glutamic acid was the protein source of the synthetic diets. Glutamic acid was supplemented successively from 0 to 58 mol-% of the total amino acid content. The crude protein source of diet 8 was whole egg powder. On the 8th day of experiment 5 animals per group were labelled by intragastric infusion (i.g.) with 14C-U-glutamic acid. During the following 24 hours the excretion of CO2 and 14CO2 was measured. Throughout the experimental feeding body weight was relative constant, however, when the synthetic diets were fed it was necessary to increase the daily amount of energy from 460 to 480 kJ/kg0,67. The relative 14CO2-excretion within 24 hours was 68-75% of the dose. However, the main part of the amount of radioactivity excreted during 24 hours was found after 4 to 6 hours already. Exponential functions calculated from the data of cumulative 14CO2-excretion suggest the existence of a fast process of 14CO2-formation directly from 14C-glutamic acid, reaching a plateau within 2 hours and a slow process of oxidation of intermediates of glutamic acid metabolism, causing a continued 14CO2-formation even after 24 hours. The oxidation of 14C-glutamic acid to CO2 decreased 2 to 14 hours after i.g. labelling if the glutamic acid content of the diet increased. The same was found for the specific radioactivity of 14CO2. A storage of intermediates of glutamic acid before degradation was assumed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of glutamic acid content of the diet on the catabolic rate of isotope-labeled glutamic acid in rats. 2. Time course of 14CO2 excretion following subcutaneous administration of 14C-glutamic acid].

40 rats with a body weight of 100 g received 7 semisynthetic diets with different contents of glutamic acid and one diet contained whole egg. A L-amino acid mixture corresponding to the pattern of egg protein was the protein source of the semisynthetic diets. Glutamic acid was supplemented successively from 0 to 58 mol-% of the total amino acid content. On the 8th day of experimental feeding the animals were labelled by subcutaneous injection of 14C-U-L-glutamic acid. Subsequently the CO2- and the 14CO2-excretion were measured for 24 hours. In this period 64 to 68% of the injected radioactivity were recovered as 14CO2. The curve pattern of 14CO2-excretion indicates two different processes of 14CO2-formation. One characterizing the direct degradation of glutamic acid to CO2 with a high rate constant and a second one with a lower rate constant characterizing the 14CO2-formation via metabolites of glutamic acid. 77% of the total 14CO2-excretion in 24 hours resulted from the direct oxidation of glutamic acid and 23% from the oxidation of intermediates. When 14CO2-formation was measured 10 to 24 hours after injection of 14C-glutamic acid a positive correlation to the content of glutamic acid in the diet was observed. The intestinal tissue contribute considerably to the catabolization of glutamic acid, however, there seems to exist an upper limit for this capacity.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of glutamic acid content of the diet on the catabolic rate of isotope-labeled glutamic acid in rats. 3. Determination of 14CO2 and 15N excretion following intragastric infusion of 14C- and 15N-glutamic acid].

Male rats (body weight 100 g) received during a 8 days experimental feeding period diets with different contents in glutamic acid. The daily feed intake was restricted to the energy maintenance level of 460 kJ/kg0.75. The diet contained a mixture of L-amino acids corresponding to the pattern of egg protein except glutamic acid. Glutamic acid was added successively at 10 levels (0 to 14,8% of dry matter) and the resulting diets were fed to groups of 4 animals each. At the end of the experimental feeding period 14C- and 15N-labelled glutamic acid were applied by intragastric infusion. CO2- and 14CO2-excretion was measured during the following 4 hours and the urinary N- and 15N-excretion during the following 24 hours. The CO2-excretion decreased from 53 to 44 mmol CO2/100 g body weight with increasing levels of dietary glutamic acid. This change seems to result from the increasing proportion of amino acids as an energetic fuel. While the amount of oxidized glutamic acid increased with increasing supplements of glutamic acid the relative 14CO2-excretion decreased from 57 to 48% of the applied radioactivity. The urinary 15N-excretion during 24 hours was 31% of the given amount of 15N if no glutamic acid was included in the diet. This proportion increased successively up to 52% in the case of the highest supply of glutamic acid. Because the total N-excretion increased at the same extent as the 15N-excretion a complete mixing of the NH2-groups resulting from glutamic acid due to desamination with the ammonia pool was assumed. No correlation between glutamic acid content of the diet and specific radioactivity of CO2 or atom-% 15N excess of urinary N was observed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

[Endogenous nitrogen metabolism processes in 15N-labeled swine. 2. Fecal excretion of amino acids and 15N-labeled amino acids with diets differing in crude fiber content].

Four pigs were labelled with 15N-ammonium salt over a period of 10 days in the feeding of a fishmeal diet, a fishmeal diet + partly hydrolysed straw meal, a field bean diet and a field bean diet + partly hydrolysed straw meal. The 14N-amino acids and the 15N-amino acids excreted in faeces showed highly significant correlation coefficients with the increasing content of crude fibre in the diets, which amounted to 3.0, 5.3, 10.0 and 12.1% in the DM. The following sequence was established for the growth angle (tan alpha) of the essential 14N-amino acids: Leu, Lys, Arg, Thr, Phe, Ile, Val, His and of the 15N-amino acids: Lys, Arg, Val, Leu, Ile, Thr, Phe and His. As Lys, His and Thr cannot incorporate 15N in transamination reactions in the intermediate metabolism, their level of labelling was considerable in case of diet 4. Nevertheless, tan alpha is highest for 15N-Lys and lowest for 15N-His. This means that His in contrast to Lys, parallel to increased synthesis, is also increasingly decomposed in the large intestine. In contrast to this, proline was not labelled with 15N even with the highest content of crude fibre in the diet. Despite this, 14N-proline excretion, next to glutamic acid, increased most with the growing content of crude fibre in the diet. Due to the hydrophilic character of glutamic acid and the increased water influx in the large intestine and the increased content of crude fibre in the diet, a growing proline transport parallel to the increased influx of crude fibre and water must be assumed. If the growth angle tan alpha for the excretion of 14N-amino acids is ascertained regressively for a crude fibre content of diet of 10%, one can prove from the proportion of the amino acids and a comparison from literature for faecal bacteria and ileum digesta that the amino acid composition for this measuring point largely corresponds to that of bacteria protein.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

Digestibility and dietary quality of nonacetylated and acetylated Vicia faba proteins in maintenance. Studies on 15N-labelled adult rats.

N digestibility and the dietary quality of a Vicia faba protein isolate as well as of two protein fractions from this isolate, acetylated and nonacetylated, were estimated in 15N-labelled adult rats. For reference, whole egg, casein and wheat were studied. The diets were fed at maintenance energy intake level. Daily metabolic fecal nitrogen estimated by an isotopic method was 5 mg/100 g body weight in animals receiving whole egg, casein, or Vicia faba proteins. When wheat was included in the diet metabolic fecal nitrogen was increased to 140% of this value. True N digestibility of reference proteins was 91-92% and of Vicia faba proteins 95-97%. Protein quality for maintenance was high and similar for all proteins. Acetylation affected neither N digestibility nor protein quality under maintenance conditions.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1983

[Effect of a supplement of partly hydrolized straw meal to a diet of fish meal and horse beans on N balance and amino acid excretion in the feces of swine].

2 test pigs each (male castrated pigs) of an average live weight of 51-71 kg received either a wheat/fish meal diet (Ia) or a wheat/horse bean diet (IIa). Due to a supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal the crude fibre content was increased from 3.0% (= Ia) to 10.1% (= Ib) and from 5.2% (= IIa) to 12.1% (= IIb) in the dry matter. This straw meal supplement decreased the apparent digestibility of the crude protein in I from 92.5 to 85.7% and in II from 89.0 to 79.0%. N-excretion in faeces/100 g DM-intake followed the regression line: y = 228 + 31.2x(r = 0.98) y = mg N/100 g DM-intake x = % crude fibre in the DM of the diet The excretion in faeces/100 g DM-intake of 15 investigated amino acids, too, in each case showed a significant increase with the rising crude fibre content of the diet. The widest growth angle (tan alpha) of all the essential amino acids investigated was shown by lysine and those amino acids with branched chains. The conclusion is that in the presence of a fermentable crude fibre source and a good N-supply those 4 amino acids show a suitable bacterial synthesis rate and a low decomposition rate.

Amino Acids↗