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Biomedical subjects

H C Holloway

Publications and source records attributed to H C Holloway.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Psychological effects of biological warfare.

We compare and contrast psychological and behavioral reactions to bioterrorism with responses to the use of traditional and chemical weapons by terrorists. We discuss the characteristics of biological agents that make them potent agents of terror. We suggest strategies for preparation and response to bioterrorism. We reviewed the literature on psychological, behavioral, and social responses to terrorism, natural disasters, and infectious disease outbreaks. The first psychiatric intervention is to ensure good medical care for illness. Initial psychosocial interventions also include effective and accurate risk communication, management of misattribution of somatic symptoms, and the creation of a recovery environment that restores effective social roles and returns people to their usual sources of social support. Bioterrorism presents special challenges for our society. Domestic bioterrorism preparedness and response plans should reflect realistic consideration of psychological, behavioral, and societal reactions to this novel weapon.

Behavior↗
PubMed2001

The emotional impact of injury following an international terrorist incident.

BACKGROUND: Terrorism represents a major public health threat throughout the world. Bombings of the United States Embassies in East Africa in 1998 resulted in extensive physical and emotional casualties. METHODS: This study examined posttraumatic stress reactions, worry, and feelings of safety in the workplace in the context of injury in a convenience sample of 21 individuals directly exposed to the bombing in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Eight months postbombing, participants completed a self-report instrument examining demographics, exposure, injury, initial reaction, posttraumatic stress, worry, and feelings of safety in the workplace. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The "Impact of Event Scale-Revised" measured current posttraumatic stress. RESULTS: Report of injury predicted posttraumatic stress, intrusion, and arousal but not avoidance/numbing. Injury and intrusion were significant predictors of ongoing worry. CONCLUSIONS: Even relatively minor injury may be associated with ongoing posttraumatic stress and worry. The participants in the sample were all highly exposed which, along with the small sample size, may have limited the ability to establish other expected relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The threat of biological weapons. Prophylaxis and mitigation of psychological and social consequences.

The microbial world is mysterious, threatening, and frightening to most people. The stressors associated with a biological terrorist attack could create high numbers of acute and potentially chronic psychiatric casualties who must be recognized, diagnosed, and treated to facilitate triage and medical care. Media communications, planning for quarantine and decontamination, and the role of community leaders are important to the mitigation of psychological consequences. Physicians will need to accurately diagnose anxiety, depression, bereavement, and organic brain syndromes to provide treatment, reassurance, and the relief of pain.

Biological Warfare↗
PubMed1991

Issues in human gravitational physiology: a medical perspective on gravity and the cell.

There are many interacting factors that contribute to understanding the effects of gravity and microgravity on human gravitational physiology. Medical practitioners are interested in maintaining human health and performance in the space environment and thus have concerns regarding what biological questions should be addressed during human space excursions. Communication between disciplines and subdisciplines and creation of a common language and perspective must be determined for knowledge to progress. There is a need for increased experimentation supplying a solid data bank to aid in answering biological questions. Perhaps simple things may be as important as complicated discoveries when learning how biological adaptation has occurred.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1990

Life and death in the US Army. In Corpore sano.

Using standardized mortality ratios, this study compares the sex- and race-specific, age-adjusted death rates for all US Army soldiers with those for the entire US population. Results show that soldiers are currently dying at a rate that is only half that of their civilian counterparts. The most striking difference in death rates by cause is a markedly lower homicide death rate for Army black men; homicides among the civilian black male population are 12 times more frequent than in the Army. Some factors that might account for these lower mortality rates in the Army are discussed.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

Dealing with the stress of an HIV-positive diagnosis at an Army medical center.

Following mandatory military-wide testing for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Army medical facilities have gained extensive experience with HIV-positive persons who undergo special stresses as a result of their affiliation with the military. The consequences of evacuation to medical centers for evaluation of HIV status are presented and the impact of this process on the medical center staff are considered. This paper is a description of one system designed to evaluate, treat, and support HIV-positive soldiers and their families.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed1990

Combat stress disorders and the U.S. Air Force.

Air Force fliers and base personnel have unique spheres of vulnerability to combat stress disorders. A number of factors unique to the Air Force heighten combat stress vulnerability: (1) The passive nature of combat duties, (2) relatively small amounts of combat skills training, (3) absence of service-wide training in arms use, (4) lack of experience with mass casualty situations, (5) family proximity to potential operational areas, and (6) base and personnel immobility. The impact of combat stress disorders for both fliers and nonfliers in the Air Force can be minimized. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1989

Psychiatric responses to trauma.

Controlled studies examining the relationship between psychiatric disorders and war and other traumatic events are reviewed. Several studies have found a correlation between the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and the degree of trauma. Other disorders associated with trauma include depression, substance abuse disorders, adjustment disorders, psychosomatic disorders, and antisocial behavior. No relationship has been found between trauma and subsequent violent behavior. The authors identify areas for further research, including examination of why the majority of persons exposed to trauma do not develop psychiatric illness.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1989

Psychiatric care in the military community: family and military stressors.

Unique challenges confront members of the military community. Military families must deal with prolonged absences by active-duty spouses and parents, frequent moves, isolation from the civilian community, and the potential loss of a family member in war or preparation for war. The active-duty service member faces the dangers of combat, including the threat presented by chemical and biological warfare, and the increasingly sophisticated technical demands of modern military equipment. The authors review psychiatric stressors that affect service members and their families and highlight aspects of military psychiatry that have implications for the practice of community psychiatry.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The Vietnam veteran: memory, social context, and metaphor.

Post-traumatic stress disorder has become a syndrome of particular importance in the study of the Vietnam veteran. The symptoms of this disorder highlight the role of memory in psychiatric disorders. In this paper, case studies are presented to illustrate the active generative role of memory and the importance of the role of social context and metaphor in understanding memory. This perspective has significance both for clinical work with the Vietnam veteran and for future research on this population.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Recognition and treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal syndromes.

The alcohol withdrawal syndromes are generally self-limited processes from which spontaneous recovery can be anticipated. To achieve this outcome, the various types of withdrawal must be managed in such a way as to prevent the occurrence of life-threatening situations. This begins with a good initial evaluation, followed by the appropriate pharmacologic and behavioral steps to control the severity of withdrawal symptoms and to manage complications. Once the withdrawal process is completed, the patient can then be entered into a long-term treatment program.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

Mania associated with LSD ingestion.

The authors report a patient who suffered a full-blown manic attack after ingesting LSD or an LSD analogue. The patient experienced acute symptoms of LSD intoxication, which resolved but were followed in about 3 weeks by a typical manic episode of psychotic magnitude. The mania cleared with lithium therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

An application of stepwise discriminant analysis to the characterization of military heroin dependents, illicit drug users, and psychiatric patients.

This application of stepwise discriminant analysis explores a way to structure skewed-sample interview data, discusses some implications of the results and the conceptual limitations of assumptions about deviancy, and suggests a focus for future studies of the complex phenomena of drug abuse. The methodology differs from previous reports in that it uses a constant probability level, letting the computational procedure determine the number of significant variables. It also provides a method of determining the "chance" level (the amount of correct classification when there are no differences between the groups) so that the observed correct classification values may be usefully interpreted.

Computers↗