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H D Battarbee

Publications and source records attributed to H D Battarbee.

28 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

The toxicity of salt.

The subject of sodium toxicity has been controversial for a long time. There is no question that the element can be noxious when consumed acutely in large quantities and there is little doubt as to cause and effect Conversely the consequences of mederate chronic sodium consumption are much harder to document. The effects are insidious and are subject to modification by a variety of environmental influences such as dietary potassium. In addition most studies of chronic sodium excess have dealt with elusive subject of "essential" hypertension. Interpretations of data have been very difficult, and conflicting reports have occurred. Nevertheless epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies show that chronic excess sodium ingestion acting upon a substrate of genetic susceptibility, is an important etiologic factor in essential hypertension and the expression of its sequelae. Positive correlations have also have been obtained between dietary salt and the incidence of stroke and gastric cancer. Dietary potassium appears to confer some degree of protection from the toxic properties of sodium through some unknown mechanism. Available evidence indicates that a suitable intake of salt for man might be approximately 3.5 g/day and probably less. Salt consumption in most developed countries ranges between 8 to 40 g/day, and modern methods of food processing and preparation deplete the protective potassium. The incidences of hypertension in these countries range between 15 to 40% of their populations, and it exacts a dreadful toll. Recognition of the toxic properties of sodium and knowledge of the mechanisms involved in its toxicity offer great possibilities in the area of preventive medicine It may be possible by the sorting out of hypertension-prone subjects and dietary intervention to prevent or minimize the development of hypertension in susceptible individuals. This says nothing of other aspects of sodium toxicity, of which we are largely ignorant.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Extraction and radioimmunoassay of urinary aldosterone in the rat.

Results from studies of the rat renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis have been inconsistent and oftentimes conflicting among various laboratories and have led many investigators to regard the rat as a poor model with which to study this sytem. Many of these discrepancies have been shown to be due to the use of anesthetic agents in experimental protocols. Studies of unanesthesized animals indicate that the rat bears a remarkable resemblance to other mammalian species, but unfortunately the unanesthesized rat lends itself well only to acute studies, usually requiring killing the animal. Herein is described a method which permits the estimation of aldosterone excretory rates in intact, nonstressed, unanesthesized rats. The method is based upon the excretion and radioimmunoassay of urinary "acid-labile" or 3-oxo-conjugate of aldosterone. It is very sensitive, permitting the detection of less than 10 pg of aldosterone conjugate in extracted samples, and when compared to the double-isotope-dilution method, it is relatively inexpensive and much less tedious. Radioimmunoassays of rat urinary aldosterone excretion during 14.75 days of sodium depletion reflected a brisk increase in urinary excretion rate after day 2 and a concomitant reduction in sodium excretion that bears a remarkable resemblance to the excretory patterns described for man.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1976

High sodium-low potassium environment and hypertension.

The high sodium-low potassium environment of civilized people, operating on a genetic substrate of susceptibility, is the cardinal factor in the genesis and perpetuation of "essential" hypertension. The noxious effects begin in childhood, when habits of excess salt consumption are acquired at the family table, and are perpetuated by continuing habit and by increasing use of convenience and snack foods with artificially high concentrations of sodium and low levels of potassium. Present methods of food preparation leach out the protective potassium. Extradietary sodium chloride is a condiment not a requirement. Some primitive populations clearly preferred potassium chloride to sodium chloride. Chronic expansion of extracellular fluid volume induced by excess salt consumption causes the central and peripheral circulatory regulatory mechanisms to work at cross purposes, resulting in increased arterial pressure. The protective effect of potassium is dramatic and easily demonstrable in animals and man but its mechanism is not known. It cannot be entirely a direct effect on blood pressure because rats protected with extra potassium against a moderately high salt intake live much longer than control rats but have the same elevated blood pressures. In hypertension with a demonstrable "cause," the high sodium-low potassium environment makes a bad matter worse. In nature, feral man and his forebears were not confronted with excessive sodium and deficient potassium; indeed, the reverse was the case. Evolution has provided powerful mechanisms for conserving sodium and eliminating potassium, but no efficient physiologic mechanisms for conserving potassium and eliminating excess sodium. Most laboratory animal "control" diets contain an amount of sodium that fully suppresses aldosterone secretion, and the same is true of the "average" diet of the American people. Inadequate attention to dietary sodium and potassium makes many studies in both animals and man of uncertain validity. Internally, essential hypertension is an exceedingly complex mosaic of physiologic interactions. Viewed from outside, it is a disorder for which genetic material sets the stage; excessive sodium precipitates it and perpetuates it. Extra salt makes all forms more rapidly progressive and accelerates the onset of terminal events; extra potassium is everywhere protective. When an entire population eats excessively of salt, hypertension will develop among those genetically susceptible, but epidemiologic studies of salt versus blood pressure will not show a relation of salt to hypertension. This is the saturation effect. Low sodium diets are therapeutically effective but generally regarded as an impossible or an unnecessary nuisance. Effective prevention programs must be instituted at as early an age as possible. The efficacy of a prophylactic/therapeutic low sodium-high potassium diet should be weighed against the uncertain hazards of a lifetime of pill taking.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary sodium and potassium-induced transient changes in blood pressure and catecholamine excretion in the Sprague-Dawley rat.

When Sprague-Dawley derived rats were changed from a chow type diet to a moderately high sodium diet, rapid transient changes in blood pressure (BP) and catecholamine excretion were observed. After 1 dietary week, BP increased from 122 +/- .1 mm Hg to approximately 145 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), and there was a concomitant 20% reduction in urinary norepinephrine (UNEV) and epinephrine (UEV) excretion (p less than 0.05). Heart rates were reduced (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that sodium-induced increases in BP were initially associated with suppressed sympathetic nervous system activity. During dietary Weeks 2 and 3, some animals had a persistent moderate elevation in BP (BP less than or equal to 150 mm Hg), while others developed more severe increases. UNEV in moderately hypertensive animals returned to control levels during this period; but UEV and heart rates remained suppressed. UNEV in severely hypertensive animals exceeded (13% +/- 3%, p less than 0.05) that of controls. This increase coincided with their most severe hypertension (171 +/- 1 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). UE values and heart rate data indicate that systemic adrenergic tone was likely suppressed at this time and that the increased UNEV was renal in origin. By dietary Week 4, the BP of severely hypertensive animals had begun to fall, and indices of sympathetic nervous system tone were indistinguishable among all groups. Inclusion of a dietary potassium supplement ameliorated the development of hypertension only in those animals that became severely hypertensive, and appeared to prevent the early suppression of indices of sympathetic activity.

Animals↗