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Biomedical subjects

H D Rodd

Publications and source records attributed to H D Rodd.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Immunocytochemical investigation of immune cells within human primary and permanent tooth pulp.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether there are any differences in the number and distribution of immune cells within human primary and permanent tooth pulp, both in health and disease. DESIGN: The research took the form of a quantitative immunocytochemical study. One hundred and twenty-four mandibular first permanent molars and second primary molars were obtained from children requiring dental extractions under general anaesthesia. Following exodontia, 10-microm-thick frozen pulp sections were processed for indirect immunofluorescence. Triple-labelling regimes were employed using combinations of the following: (1) protein gene product 9.5, a general neuronal marker; (2) leucocyte common antigen (LCA); and (3) Ulex europaeus I lectin, a marker of vascular endothelium. Image analysis was then used to determine the percentage area of immunostaining for LCA. RESULTS: Leucocytes were significantly more abundant in the pulp horn and mid-coronal region of intact and carious primary teeth, as compared to permanent teeth (P < 0.05, anova). Both dentitions demonstrated the presence of well-localized inflammatory cell infiltrates and marked aborization of pulpal nerves in areas of dense leucocyte accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: Primary and permanent tooth pulps appear to have a similar potential to mount inflammatory responses to gross caries The management of the compromised primary tooth pulp needs to be reappraised in the light of these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Content analysis of children's television advertising in relation to dental health.

This paper provides some disturbing facts and figures about the amount of television being watched by children. In addition, it reports on the volume and type of television advertising aimed at young people, both in the United Kingdom and other developed countries. In view of recent public and professional concern as to the possible adverse effects of food advertising on children's health, this study set out to examine what proportion of television advertisements, directed at children, promoted products potentially harmful to dental health. Forty-one hours of children's television programming broadcast on ITV1, the main UK commercial channel, were recorded on to videotape for subsequent analysis. Almost 1,000 adverts were analysed; each was timed and broadly categorised as relating to a food/drink product or non food/drink product. Advertisements for food and drink were further subdivided according to their sugar and/or acid content. We found that, on average, 24 adverts were shown per broadcast hour, which accounted for 15.8% of the total schedule time. 34.8% of adverts related to food/drink products, and 95.3% of these promoted products that were deemed potentially cariogenic or erosive. The most frequently promoted food/drink products included breakfast cereals with added sugar (26.3%), confectionery (23.7%) and non-carbonated soft drinks (18.1%). It is very concerning that, despite recent specific codes of practice outlined by the Independent Television Commission for Children's Advertising, many food and drink products promoted during children's programming are potentially damaging to dental health.

Acids↗
PubMed2005

External cervical resorption of a primary canine.

The authors describe the case of a 3-year-old boy who presented with a mobile right maxillary primary canine. Clinical examination revealed this tooth to have an abnormally large crown, which appeared to have sustained a crown-root fracture. Periodontal probing depths of 5 mm were detected around the tooth. Radiographically, there was a marked constriction at the cementoenamel junction with associated alveolar rarefaction. Both upper primary canines were subsequently removed under general anaesthetic and the right canine was subject to histopathological investigation. A diagnosis of external cervical resorption was made. A review of the literature confirmed this to be a very unusual case presentation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2002

Caries experience and dental attendance of Somali children living in a British city.

AIM: To facilitate the planning of future dental services, this study sought baseline data, relating to caries experience and dental attendance, for Somali children resident in Sheffield, UK. METHODS: A convenience sample of 4 to 14 year old Somali children was drawn from pupils attending Somali religious education classes, youth groups and selected schools in Sheffield. During 1998 and 1999, 238 Somali children were subjected to a dental examination and a structured interview. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 9.4 years with equal male and female distribution. The majority of children (58%) had been born in Somalia compared with 29% in the UK or 13% in another country. Just over half of the sample had English-speaking mothers. The mean dmft for 4 to 6 year olds was 2.12 and 50% demonstrated a past caries experience. In the 7 to 10 year old group, mean dmft was 2.05 and caries had again affected 50% of subjects. Mean DMFT for 11 to 14 year olds was 1.37 and 58% showed evidence of previous caries experience. The mother's reported ability to speak English was a strong predictor of caries experience in the group as a whole. Interestingly, an English-speaking mother was associated with low caries prevalence in young children, but with high caries prevalence in children over the age of 7 years. Finally, only 57% of subjects had seen a dentist within the previous 12 months, and almost half of these visits had been prompted because of a specific problem. CONCLUSION: It is evident that some Somali children have a high caries experience, with mother's ability to speak English being the greatest predictor of dental disease. Preventive strategies need to be developed for this population and regular dental attendance should be encouraged.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Innervation of human tooth pulp in relation to caries and dentition type.

The neural status of carious teeth, particularly those associated with a painful pulpitis, is largely unknown. This study sought to determine differences in the innervation density of human primary and permanent teeth and whether caries or painful pulpitis was associated with anatomical changes in pulpal innervation. Coronal pulps were removed from 120 primary and permanent molars with a known pain history. Teeth were categorized as intact, moderately carious, or grossly carious. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we labeled sections for the general neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5. Using image analysis, we found permanent teeth to be significantly more densely innervated than primary teeth. While there was no significant correlation with reported pain experience, neural density in both dentitions increased significantly with caries. Analysis of these data suggests that caries-induced changes in neural density may be functionally more important in the regulation of pulpal inflammation and healing than in the processing and perception of dental pain.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Interrelationship between dental age and chronological age in Somali children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare dental age (DA) with chronological age (CA) in Somali and white Caucasian children, resident in Sheffield. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Paediatric dentistry clinic, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield. SUBJECTS: Somali children under 16 years of age and age- and gender-matched white Caucasian subjects. OUTCOME MEASURES: Dental age was determined for each subject, using their existing panoramic radiographs. Comparisons of the difference between dental age and chronological age (DA-CA) were made for gender and ethnic group, using independent sample t tests at the 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: The sample group comprised 162 subjects: 84 Somali and Caucasian boys (mean age 10.55 years) and 78 Somali and Caucasian girls (mean age 11.24 years). The mean difference between DA and CA was found to be 1.01 years for Somali boys, 0.19 years for Caucasian boys, 1.22 years for Somali girls, and 0.52 years for Caucasian girls. The difference between DA and CA was significantly greater in Somali subjects than in Caucasian children. A few Somali subjects showed a marked discrepancy between chronological age and dental age (range -1.75 to 5.42 years), which was most evident in 8- to 12-year-old children. CONCLUSION: Somali children are significantly more dentally advanced than their Caucasian peers. This finding highlights the need for population-specific dental development standards for accurate dental age assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Substance P expression in human tooth pulp in relation to caries and pain experience.

The neuropeptide substance P (SP) is found within a subpopulation of nociceptive afferent nerve fibres and has been shown to be upregulated in a variety of sites following peripheral inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of SP within human teeth, both in health and disease, and to seek a correlation between reported pain history and SP expression within pulpal nerves. Coronal pulps were removed from 62 permanent mandibular molars with a known pain history. Teeth were categorised as intact, moderately or grossly carious. Using indirect immunofluorescence, sections were double-labelled for the general neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and for SP. Image analysis was then used to quantify the percentage area of PGP 9.5-labelled tissue which was also labelled for SP. Throughout the pulp, the expression of SP was found to be significantly increased with the progression of caries. Furthermore, SP expression was significantly greater in grossly carious painful specimens than in grossly carious asymptomatic specimens. These data would suggest that the expression of SP within pulpal nerves undergoes dynamic changes following caries, which may have an important clinical significance in terms of inflammation and pain experience.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Denture satisfaction and clinical performance in a paediatric population.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to investigate the clinical performance of partial upper dentures in children and to assess reported denture satisfaction in this young population. DESIGN: This was a retrospective study using patients' dental records in conjunction with a postal questionnaire. SETTING: The Paediatric Dentistry Clinic, School of Clinical Dentistry, Sheffield. SAMPLE AND METHODS: Fifty-eight children (aged 7-17 years) who had been provided with a partial upper denture to replace one or more missing permanent incisors were included in the study. The patients' dental records were examined for the following details: tooth type missing, presence of retained incisor roots, aetiology of tooth absence, age at which the denture was first provided, total time period dentures had been worn, and frequency and type of any denture repairs or replacements. Next a short questionnaire was sent to each child, which sought an evaluation of several parameters of denture satisfaction including: overall attitude towards wearing a denture, denture appearance, ease of eating, comfort and perceived degree of teasing from peers. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were employed to provide a graded response. RESULTS: 70.7% of subjects had a single missing incisor and trauma was the most common cause of tooth loss (77.3%). The mean age at which patients started wearing a denture was 11.6 years and the mean length of time dentures had been worn, at the time of the investigation, was 2.1 years. A 'T-shaped' denture was most commonly employed (77.5% of dentures). Overall, 36.2% of subjects had required at least one denture repair, 28.2% presenting within a year of denture provision. One or more denture replacements had been received by 60.3% of the patients, and 43.6% had required this within a year. Component failure was highest for the denture tooth (40% of repairs) and a change in the patient's dentition necessitated a denture remake in 66% of cases. VAS scores for parameters of denture satisfaction indicated an overall positive evaluation of the dentures, with the most positive response relating to ease of eating. However, the reported degree of teasing was high and increased with time. The only significant difference for denture satisfaction according to gender was for mastication: girls reportedly found eating easier than did boys. CONCLUSION: Children are generally accepting of upper partial dentures, but their poor clinical performance is of concern and there is need for improvement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

'Ilko dacowo:' canine enucleation and dental sequelae in Somali children.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of primary canine enucleation and associated dental sequelae in Somali children resident in Sheffield. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Somali religious education classes and homework groups, selected primary and secondary schools, and the Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield (1998-99). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The target population were all Somali children aged between 4 and 17 years. Subjects were interviewed to obtain background sociodemographic data and an oral examination was performed. The status of the canine in each quadrant was noted, in addition to the presence of any dental anomalies in adjacent teeth. Features indicative of a history of attempted canine enucleation included: absence of primary canines, localized developmental defects affecting primary or permanent canines and lower lateral permanent incisors, and retention of lower primary lateral incisors with distal eruption of permanent lateral incisors. RESULTS: A total of 260 children were included in the study, comprising 56.5% of the target population. The mean age of the subjects was 9.7 years with an equal male and female distribution. According to the criteria devised, 82 (31.5%) of the subjects were considered to exhibit one or more of the dental features suggestive of a previous history of canine enucleation. There was no significant difference in prevalence according to gender or birthplace (UK, Somalia or another country), but a positive history was greater in subjects whose mother did not speak English. In addition to anomalies involving canines, lower permanent incisors were commonly missing (5.0% of children aged over 9 years). CONCLUSION: The suspected continuation of canine enucleation in UK-born Somali children raises important oral health issues. Culturally sensitive education is indicated to discourage this harmful ritual practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic features of tooth pulp innervation in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy.

Characteristics of the pulpal innervation in teeth obtained from a 4-year-old Asian boy with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, type II (HSAN) were investigated. Four minimally carious primary teeth were split longitudinally and prepared for either fluorescent immunocytochemistry or electron microscopy. The occurrence and distribution of specific neuropeptides were determined by the use of antisera to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The overall innervation of the pulps was visualized using antiserum to protein gene product 9.5; an antiserum to dopamine beta-hydroxylase was used to identify postganglionic sympathetic fibres. Pulpal innervation in HSAN was notably different from that of normal teeth: in comparison with the controls, HSAN teeth had an overall marked reduction in pulpal innervation with an absence of large nerve bundles and the subodontoblastic plexus. CGRP- and SP-immunoreactivity was absent in HSAN specimens and VIP-immunoreactivity was reduced. However, NPY-immunoreactivity appeared to be increased within certain regions of the pulp/dentine complex. In addition, there was evidence of NPY-immunoreactive fibres extending into dentine, a feature not seen in the controls. Electron microscopy revealed an absence of myelinated nerve fibres and a paucity of unmyelinated fibres. CGRP and SP have a well-established role in nociceptive processing and their absence in the HSAN teeth would seem to correspond with the clinical presentation of marked peripheral sensory deficit, characteristic of this condition. An up-regulation of NPY-immunoreactivity has previously been reported in animal teeth following nerve injury and a similar mechanism may have stimulated increased NPY expression in HSAN teeth, but the functional significance of its presence within dentinal nerves is not known.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide↗
PubMed1997

Sports-related oral injury and mouthguard use among Sheffield school children.

OBJECTIVE: The study was undertaken primarily to determine the frequency of use of mouthguards for sports among secondary school children. Information was also sought regarding the prevalence and aetiology of oral trauma; sports most frequently played; source of mouthguard; reported problems with use; and attitudes towards mouthguard. DESIGN: A total of 557 questionnaires was completed (an average response rate of 72.3 per cent). SETTING: Sheffield secondary schools (15). PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred and seventy 14-15-year-old children. RESULTS: A tooth or lip/mouth injury was reported by 44.2 per cent and 54.4 per cent of the group respectively, and was significantly more prevalent among males. Just over 26 per cent of all reported oral trauma was attributed to sports-related accidents, but the aetiology varied significantly according to gender and social class. The subjects participated in a wide range of sporting activities with 57.4 per cent of boys frequently playing rugby and soccer. Girls most often engaged in netball (15.9 per cent) and hockey (10.3 per cent). Statistical analysis revealed only a significant effect of social class (as measured by school type and location) on the sport most frequently played by girls. Approximately 14 per cent of pupils professed to have worn a mouthguard for sports at some stage, although less than 6 per cent were currently wearing one. Gender and social group had a significant effect on the reported use of mouthguards with use significantly less among girls and those from lower socio-economic groups. Overall, nearly 70 per cent of pupils thought that mouthguards were helpful in preventing oral trauma and the majority of respondents would consider wearing one. However, girls were significantly less certain than boys about their willingness to use a mouthguard. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the evidence for the protective attributes of mouthguards there is considerable scope for promoting their wider use, especially among girls and children from a lower socio-economic background.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The aesthetic management of severe dental fluorosis in the young patient.

The prevalence of dental fluorosis appears to be on the increase. Although in its mild form the condition is not considered to be of cosmetic significance, the more severe forms can cause great psychological distress to the affected individual. This article discusses the prevalence and mechanisms of dental fluorosis, and the aesthetic management of severe fluorosis in the young patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Self-inflicted gingival injury in a young girl.

A case of self-inflicted gingival trauma in a 7-year-old girl is presented. The progression of the injurious behaviour over a 4-year period is described. Dental measures proved to be ineffective in resolving the habit.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Multifocal Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in a 4-year-old child: a case report.

A 4-year-old girl presented with pain associated with a mobile mandibular left permanent first molar. The mandibular left primary second molar was also found to be mobile and the gingiva buccal to these teeth was inflamed. A well-defined radioluceny of the left posterior mandible was detected radiographically. Langerhans' cell histiocytosis had been diagnosed 10 months previously when she had presented with an isolated tibial lesion. Curettage of the mandibular lesion and extraction of four adjacent teeth was performed. Post-operatively, radiographic skeletal screening revealed osteolytic lesions in the right parietal bone and right eighth rib. A 6-month course of chemotherapy was instigated which resulted in bony healing of all the osteolytic lesions.

Child, Preschool↗