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Biomedical subjects

H F Polesky

Publications and source records attributed to H F Polesky.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Safety in transfusion practices. Preventing infectious complications.

The benefits of transfusion therapy must always be weighed against the unavoidable chance of an infectious complication. Strategies to minimize the infectious risks inherent in the use of human blood and blood components can be categorized under four general headings: donor selection, testing, appropriate use, and follow-up and reporting of complications. The application of these strategies in the context of their role in the prevention of some of the infectious complications of transfusion therapy is discussed in this article.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed1992

The magnitude and origin of European-American admixture in the Gila River Indian Community of Arizona: a union of genetics and demography.

Complementary genetic and demographic analyses estimate the total proportion of European-American admixture in the Gila River Indian Community and trace its mode of entry. Among the 9,616 residents in the sample, 2,015 persons claim only partial Native American heritage. A procedure employing 23 alleles or haplotypes at eight loci was used to estimate the proportion of European-American admixture, m(a), for the entire sample and within six categories of Caucasian admixture calculated from demographic data, md. The genetic analysis gave an estimate of total European-American admixture in the community of 0.054 (95% confidence interval [CI] .044-.063), while an estimate from demographic records was similar, .059. Regression of m(a) on md yielded a fitted line m(a) = .922md, r = .959 (P = .0001). When total European-American admixture is partitioned between the contributing populations, Mexican-Americans have provided .671, European-Americans .305, and African-Americans .023. These results are discussed within the context of the ethnic composition of the Gila River Indian Community, the assumptions underlying the methods, and the potential that demographic data have for enriching genetic measurements of human admixture. It is concluded that, despite the severe assumptions of the mathematical methods, accurate, reliable estimates of genetic admixture are possible from allele and haplotype frequencies, even when there is little demographic information for the population.

Alleles↗
PubMed1990

Fetomaternal hemorrhage: incidence, risk factors, time of occurrence, and clinical effects.

Most women have only very small amounts of fetal blood in their circulations following pregnancy and delivery: the volume is less than 0.5 mL of whole blood in 93 percent of women, less than 1 mL in 96 percent, and less than 2 mL in 98 percent. FMH of 30 mL or more occurs in just 3 of 1000 women. When the FMH was 150 mL or more, 15 of 41 infants did not survive Rh-negative women with FMH of more than 30 mL of Rh-positive whole blood are at increased risk of Rh immunization, and thus the outcome of their future pregnancies also may be affected. ABO-compatible fetal red cells that have entered the maternal circulation have a life span similar to that of adult cells. ABO-incompatible fetal red cells may be cleared rapidly, but in some cases they circulate for weeks. Most FMHs of 30 mL or more occur before labor, delivery, or cesarean section. The majority occur with minimal clinical signs and symptoms in apparently normal pregnancies. The identification of postpartum Rh-negative women who have 30 mL or more of Rh-positive fetal blood in their circulation is important so that sufficient RhIG for immune suppression can be administered. It appears that more than one-half of women with FMH of 30 mL or more would not be identified if protocols were adopted to test only women in pregnancies considered to be at high risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The 1988 comprehensive blood bank survey of the College of American Pathologists.

An average of 2211 laboratories reported results in this comprehensive blood bank survey. In general, the participant performance remains strong in ABO and D typing, unexpected antibody detection and identification, crossmatching, and antigen identification. However, certain samples achieved less than the usual performance levels. In one sample, anti-C, which was not present, was reported by many participants. In a third sample, only 90% of the participants correctly recorded that no antibody was detectable. Two cross-match challenges did not reach the required participant consensus for grading purposes. The ungraded samples and the supplementary questions provide mock clinical situations and are used to determine current practices and procedures in transfusion medicine. The results of these studies and the participant responses are included.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed1990

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proficiency testing. The American Association of Blood Banks/College of American Pathologists Program.

The American Association of Blood Banks/College of American Pathologists Viral Marker Survey program added samples to evaluate participant performance with test systems for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in 1985. On the 80 challenges sent through April 1989, the major problem observed with enzyme immunoassay testing was unexpected reactivity on samples that did not contain anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1. One manufacturer's testing system accounted for most of the specificity problems. The sensitivity of the enzyme immunoassay for anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is close to 99%, based on the multiple reactive samples used on the 16 panels. Between 1985 and 1989, there was a 14-fold increase in participants reporting Western blot results. The introduction of a licensed system for Western blots increased the number of samples that contained antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 interpreted as indeterminate. Answers to supplementary questions showed that the rate of repeatably reactive and confirmed positives on blood donors dropped to less than 0.1%.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1989

Performance characteristics of serologic tests for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody among Minnesota blood donors. Public health and clinical implications.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate performance characteristics of sequential enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody testing in a low-risk population. DESIGN: Three-year prospective study of a selected sample from a community-based population. SETTING: Two blood collection facilities in Minnesota. POPULATION: Minnesota blood donors. RESULTS: During the study period, 630,190 units of blood (donations) from an estimated 290,110 Minnesota-resident donors were screened for HIV-1 antibody. Seventeen Minnesota-resident donors were identified as positive for HIV-1 antibody. Sixteen donors were available for follow-up HIV-1 culture: all were culture positive. The other donor, who was not available for follow-up culture, was likely infected with HIV-1 based on a history of high-risk behavior and positive serologic findings for hepatitis B surface antigen. Using 95% binomial confidence intervals, performance characteristics for sequential EIA and Western blot HIV-1 antibody serology were as follows: false-positive rate by number of donations, 0% to 0.0006%; specificity by number of donations, 99.9994% to 100%; predictive value of a positive test, 81% to 100%. CONCLUSIONS: In this low-risk population, the false-positive rate of serologic tests for HIV-1 antibody, using HIV-1 culture as the definitive standard for infection status, was extremely low and test specificity was extremely high.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1989

Transfusion-associated hepatitis C virus (non-A, non-B) infection.

Non-A, non-B (NANB) is a term used to describe viral hepatitis not due to hepatitis B virus or hepatitis A virus. Two forms of NANB hepatitis have been identified: (1) an epidemic type usually transmitted enterically and (2) a parenterally transmitted form caused by hepatitis C virus. While the latter often is assumed to be transfusion transmitted, data from surveillance programs suggest that the incidence of NANB transfusion-associated hepatitis (TAH) is decreasing. Strategies for preventing TAH include viral inactivation, testing for surrogate markers of NANB, and the appropriate use of blood components. Whether alanine aminotransferase and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen screening of donated blood will be effective in reducing the incidence of TAH is yet to be established. Specific tests for anti-hepatitis C virus may resolve problems associated with surrogate testing.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1989

Genetic structure of Mennonite populations of Kansas and Nebraska.

We describe the gene frequency distributions for 29 different blood group, serum, and erythrocytic proteins for three Mennonite communities from Kansas and Nebraska and compare their gene frequencies with those of Amish, Hutterite, and Mennonite populations using the topological method of Harpending and Jenkins (1973). Subdivision of these communities into congregations reveals that the "fission-fusion'h model best characterizes the relationship between the genetic patterns and historical events. These Mennonite populations, although reproductively isolated at the turn of this century, are presently entering the mainstream of US rural culture.

Blood Grouping and Crossmatching↗
PubMed1988

The 1986 Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey of the College of American Pathologists.

In 1986, a total of 2781 laboratories subscribed to the Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey of the College of American Pathologists (CAP) (Skokie, Ill). Performance of these laboratories on the ABO and Rh challenges was good, with 99.7% to 99.9% of the participants reporting the correct response. Antibody identification showed less consistency (45.4% to 97.5%). These challenges consisted of two serum samples with multiple antibodies, one serum sample with antibody to a high-incidence antigen, and one serum sample with anti-M. Performance on the cross match ranged from 95.0% to 99.8% correct, with one exception. This exception was an intended incompatible cross match with the serum containing anti-M, which was reported as incompatible by 56.2% of participants. The antigen-typing challenges ranged from 98.3% to 100% correct, but three typings proved to be a problem. Two samples, when typed for the c antigen, were correctly typed 70.4% of the time and 50.1% of the time. One of these samples, when typed for the E antigen, was correctly typed only 30% of the time. This discrepancy proved to be the result of inadvertent pooling of units of different phenotypes in the sample preparation process.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1987

The use of the serum protein factor XIIIB (F XIIIB) in parentage testing.

Three thousand thirty-eight white and 313 black paternity cases were phenotyped for genetic variants of the coagulation Factor XIIIB (F XIIIB). Gene frequencies obtained by testing with agarose gel isoelectric focusing clearly differentiated the white and black populations. The expected probability of exclusion (P) for white subjects was P = 0.19 and for black subjects P = 0.25. The observed rates of exclusions for F XIIIB in white and black subjects were close to expected values. The results indicate that F XIIIB is a valuable tool in parentage testing, and the procedures are reasonably easy and inexpensive.

Black People↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of acid phosphatase ACP1 variants by isoelectric focusing and conventional electrophoresis: identification of three new alleles, ACP1*N, ACP1*P and ACP1*S.

Three new alleles of human red cell acid phosphatase (ACP1) have been identified by comparison with previously reported variants using three different electrophoretic techniques. Family data are available on all the variants and show genetic transmission of the rare alleles ACP1*N, ACP1*P and ACP1*S. Further evidence of a rare allele demonstrating reversed 'A' activity is also described. The report documents the need to use several electrophoretic techniques to characterize new or rare variants.

Acid Phosphatase↗