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H F Seigler

Publications and source records attributed to H F Seigler.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The role of elective lymph node dissection in the management of patients with thick cutaneous melanoma.

A retrospective search of patients seen at the Duke Melanoma Clinic from 1970 to 1986 identified 308 clinically Stage I patients, with 4.0 to 10.0 mm cutaneous melanomas. Five-year and ten-year survival was 56% and 43%, respectively. Elective lymph node dissection (ELND) was done in 116 patients (37.7%); there was no difference in disease-free interval (DFI) or survival between these patients versus patients treated with wide excision only (P = 0.9). Thirty-two patients (27.6%) had pathologically positive nodes on ELND. These patients had a shorter DFI (P = 0.05) and survival (P = 0.03) compared with patients with negative node dissections. When further divided by Breslow's thickness, this difference persisted in patients with 4.0 to 6.0 mm lesions (P = 0.01). However, for thicker lesions (greater than 6.0 mm), there was no difference in survival between the node-negative and node-positive groups (P = 0.9). The mean follow-up was 7.1 years. Elective lymph node dissection was not done in 192 patients; 78 of these recurred first in the regional nodes. These 78 patients were compared with the 32 patients who had pathologically positive nodes by ELND to see if patient survival was improved by early removal of nodal disease. There was no difference in DFI (P = 0.5) or survival (P = 0.3) between these two groups. It is concluded that ELND may provide prognostic information for patients with thick cutaneous melanomas. However, there was no change in DFI or ultimate survival when patients were followed, and nodes removed when clinically positive. The authors do not recommend ELND for patients with thick melanomas because the risk of distant metastases outweighs any benefit of regional node dissection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Generation of human autologous melanoma-specific cytotoxic T-cells using HLA-A2-matched allogeneic melanomas.

Autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), generated by repeated stimulation with autologous melanoma and expanded in interleukin 2, are major histocompatibility complex restricted. These CTLs recognize a common tumor-associated antigen in the presence of HLA class I determinants, suggesting that allogeneic melanomas which express the restricting HLA-A region antigen could substitute for the autologous tumor in the generation of CTLs. This was investigated in the HLA-A2 system. Four T-cell lines were established by stimulation of lymphocytes with either autologous tumor or an HLA-A2-matched allogeneic melanoma. Allogeneic stimulated CTLs specifically lysed the autologous tumor and demonstrated an identical pattern of HLA-A2 restriction, when compared to the autologous stimulated CTLs. Lysis by the allogeneic stimulated CTLs was blocked by a monoclonal antibody to HLA class I antigens; lysis was also inhibited by both autologous tumor or HLA-A2 allogeneic melanomas when evaluated in cold target competition studies. The allogeneic stimulated CTLs proliferated in response to both autologous tumor and HLA-A2 melanomas, but not in response to HLA-A2 nonmelanomas. By phenotypic analysis these CTLs were CD3+ and predominantly CD8+ cells. We conclude that autologous tumor-specific CTLs can be generated using HLA-A region-matched allogeneic melanomas for stimulation. Since established, HLA-typed melanoma tumor lines can be used in the absence of autologous tumor; this procedure can be applied clinically to a broad patient population and may prove useful in the adoptive immunotherapy of melanoma.

Autoimmunity↗
PubMed1990

Inhibition of the growth of human melanoma xenografts in nude mice by human tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells.

Melanoma-specific T-cells (CTLs) are specifically cytotoxic for autologous tumor, when assayed in vitro. To examine their effectiveness in vivo, we tested the ability of these human T-cells to inhibit growth of human melanoma xenografts by using a Winn assay. Nude mice receiving specific CTLs (n = 10) demonstrated a dramatic inhibition of tumor growth. All treated mice were tumor-free at day 50 and nine remained tumor-free at day 65, vs. control mice (n = 10) with average tumor volumes of 321 mm3 and 808 mm3, respectively. To control for the possibility that a non-specific response to the human T-cells could inhibit tumor growth, an additional group received allospecific CTLs. There was no inhibition of tumor growth in this group (n = 8), with the average tumor volume of 2,768 mm3 at day 40 vs. 1,882 mm3 in the control group (n = 10). We conclude that these tumor-specific CTLs can inhibit tumor growth in vivo and may prove useful in the adoptive immunotherapy of melanoma.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Acral melanoma: a review of 185 patients with identification of prognostic variables.

One hundred eight-five patients with acral melanoma treated since 1972 were reviewed. These included 53 subungual lesions, 123 plantar lesions, and 9 palmar lesions. Eighty percent presented with stage I disease. Mean age was 57 years. Males outnumbered females 1.1:1. Seventeen percent (17%) were blacks. Actuarial 10-year survival was 58% for stage I patients and 35% for stage II patients. Univariate Cox regression analyses identified 5 prognostic variables affecting survival: stage at diagnosis (P less than 0.001), race (P less than 0.001), ulceration (P = 0.012), Clark's level (P = 0.014), and thickness of the primary lesion (P = 0.013). Factors unrelated to survival included sex of the patient, site (volar vs. subungual), histology, and treatment with amputation. Multivariate analysis for patients with stage I lesions identified race (P = 0.001) and ulceration (P = 0.018) as significant variables, with thickness approaching significance (P = 0.094). In an additional series of 71 patients with melanomas arising from extremity sites near the junction of glabrous and non-glabrous skin, survival was significantly poorer for those arising from glabrous skin (P = 0.024), and reflects a higher incidence of metastatic disease at diagnosis. Specific active immunotherapy was the principal adjuvant used for these patients, and survival was comparable to that reported with regional perfusion therapy. Acral melanoma a) has a strong racial predilection, b) carries a grave prognosis, and c) arises from glabrous skin. It is a clinical entity distinct from other extremity melanomas. Surgical management with either wide excision or amputation is appropriate for the primary lesion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Modulation of in vitro autologous melanoma-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses by phorbol dibutyrate and ionomycin.

Human melanoma-specific, HLA restricted, cytotoxic T-cell lines can be generated by in vitro stimulation and culturing of peripheral lymphocytes, or lymph node cells, with autologous or HLA-A region matched melanomas in the presence of a low concentration (5 U/ml) of IL-2. Stimulation is followed by a period of clonal expansion and differentiation into cytotoxic T-cells specific for melanoma. We investigated the effect of the PKC modulating drug phorbol dibutyrate combined with the calcium ionophore Ionomycin on growth and differentiation of the cell lines. The growth of the T-cell lines was substantially augmented in the presence of the drugs with increases of 10-fold or more in clonal expansion by 3 weeks of culture. The cell lines were IL-2 dependent for growth in the presence or absence of the drugs and the phenotypic distribution remained predominantly CD3+ T-cells of mixed CD4 and CD8 phenotypes. In spite of the increased rate of growth in the presence of the drugs, autologous melanoma-specific cytotoxicity was almost completely abrogated in those cultures. The cells were, however, nonspecifically lytic in the presence of concanavalin A. The melanoma-specific cytotoxic response was completely restored following culture with IL-2 alone. The results suggest that the human tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell response can be induced and amplified in the presence of immune modulating drugs.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1990

Hepatobiliary cystadenoma with mesenchymal stroma.

In a detailed review of cystic hepatobiliary neoplasms, we identified a subset of 50 cases in which tumors were characterized by the presence of a mesenchymal cell layer interposed between an inner epithelial lining and an outer connective tissue layer. We have recently seen three such patients, making a total of 53 patients reported in the English literature. All of the patients were female, 44 of whom, with an average age of 41 years, had benign tumors. The average age of the remaining nine patients was 57 years and these patients had malignant tumors. In seven patients, the malignancy arose from the epithelial layer, but in two patients sarcomatous changes were identified in the mesenchymal tissues. The older age of the patients with malignant tumors with adequate serial biopsies in two cases supported the thesis that malignant transformation may occur in the benign tumors. Moreover the location of the tumor in one of our patients in whom the resected tumor was associated with anomalous right hepatic ducts and portal veins supported the theory that these tumors develop embryologically from nests of primitive hepatobiliary endodermal and mesodermal cells. Although surgical treatment was performed in all patients, 25% of the patients with benign hepatobiliary cystadenoma with mesenchymal stroma (CMS), and 33% of the patients with malignant CMS had tumor recurrence after primary resection. Ninety per cent of these patients had an incomplete resection at the time of their initial operations. Forty-four per cent of the patients with malignant CMS died after a mean follow-up of 17 months. We conclude that CMS (Edmonson's tumor) occurs uniquely in young female patients, develops from nests of primitive embryonal cells, has the potential for malignant transformation, and should be completely resected at primary operation to avoid recurrence.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Malignant melanoma arising during pregnancy. A study of 100 patients.

Melanoma is often diagnosed in young adults, a significant proportion of whom are women of child-bearing age. The prognosis of women diagnosed with melanoma during a pregnancy continues to be debated. One hundred patients, ages 19 to 40 years, have been identified who were pregnant at the time of diagnosis of their melanoma. All were treated with local excision. Sixteen per cent underwent elective lymph node dissections. Immunotherapy was administered to 83% of patients. Mean follow-up was 6.8 years from the date of diagnosis. The patients were compared to an age-matched group of 86 women who were not pregnant at the time of diagnosis. Overall mortality during the follow-up period was 25% in the pregnant group and 23% in the control group. Among the pregnant group, there was an increased incidence of lymph node metastases during the follow-up period (39% versus 26%, p = 0.053). Among stage I patients, there was a significantly shorter DFI for the pregnant group (p = 0.039), with 50% of pregnant patients and 67% of control patients free of disease at 10 years. Similarly, among stage 1 patients, the time to development of lymph node metastases was shorter in the pregnant group (p = 0.021). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that pregnancy at diagnosis was significantly associated with the development of metastatic disease (p = 0.008), when controlling for tumor site, thickness, and Clark level. Patients who developed melanoma during pregnancy did not, however, have a significant decrease in survival.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Late recurrence of malignant melanoma. Analysis of 168 patients.

Analysis of 7104 patients with melanoma seen at Duke University identified 168 who experienced their first recurrence 10 or more years after diagnosis, for an incidence of 2.4%. This included patients with all stages of disease. There was no sex, age, or primary site predominance. The mean disease-free interval for cutaneous melanomas was 14.3 years versus 22.3 years for ocular primary melanomas. The prognosis following relapse was related to the site of recurrence. Survival after local or regional node recurrence was often prolonged; survival after distant metastases was usually limited. Patients with ocular primaries had the highest incidence of distant metastases, and the shortest subsequent survival. An additional 483 patients were identified who survived 10 or more years without evidence of recurrence; of these 651 patients with long disease-free intervals, 25% (168 of 651) developed recurrent disease. This demonstrates that a 10-year disease-free interval cannot be considered a cure, and emphasizes the importance of continued annual follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Anorectal melanoma: clinical characteristics and results of surgical management in twenty-four patients.

Twenty-four patients with primary anorectal melanoma diagnosed since 1974 have been studied retrospectively. There was a predominance of women (2.4:1): Mean age was 64 years. The most common initial symptom was rectal bleeding, typically misdiagnosed as hemorrhoids. Seventeen patients had stage I cancer when first seen, four had stage II, and three had distant disease. Progressive disease most commonly started as a large pelvic mass, diffuse bilateral pulmonary nodules, or diffuse liver metastases. Twenty patients (83%) died of the disease; none survived more than 6 years. Among the patients who died of the disease, median survival was 1.9 years. Median survival for patients with stage I disease (29 months) was longer than that for patients with stage II disease (11 months; p less than 0.05) or stage III disease (9 months). Twelve patients were treated initially with abdominoperineal resection (APR), and three additional patients underwent APR to manage recurrent local or regional disease that developed later in the clinical course. Among evaluable patients with stage I disease initially managed with APR, 50% developed recurrent local-regional disease (mean disease-free interval, 23 months), compared with 100% of those who underwent more limited surgery (mean disease-free interval, 16 months). Even after APR, however, distant metastases were common, and there was no prolongation of survival for patients treated with APR. Primary melanoma of the anorectum has a high metastatic potential and carries a grave prognosis. APR appears to have some effect in controlling local and regional disease, but prolongation of survival will depend on both earlier diagnosis and development of more successful therapeutic approaches.

Anus Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

Implications of leukoregulin to autologous tumor-specific human T-cell populations.

Interactions between the cellular and humoral compartments of the human immune system are well documented. Leukoregulin (LR) is a hormone with the ability to upregulate the natural killer (NK) phenomenon by increasing target cell sensitivity to NK lymphocyte cytotoxicity. In the present report, the interactions between LR and human cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) are described. Two cultured T-cell populations are specifically cytotoxic for autologous human melanoma and fail to lyse allogeneic melanoma, K562, or autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in 4 h chromium release assays. Pretreating allogeneic melanoma or K562 with LR resulted in 19-67% lysis at an effector:target (E:T) ratio of 5:1, while no more than 10% lysis was observed without LR. Autologous PBLs were also subject to lysis when pretreated with LR (50% at an E:T of 40:1 with LR, and 2% without LR). The observed effect was dose-related and was most effectively inhibited by autologous cold targets, but persisted in the presence of antibody to human lymphocyte antigen class I antigens (w6/32). Lysis of autologous melanoma was not increased by pretreatment with LR. LR appears to mediate lysis of melanoma, NK targets, and normal PBLs by tumor specific CTLs. The effect is dose-related and non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted. The data do not support a significant role for LR in the normal physiology of human CTLs, but the striking effects in vitro may prove to be experimentally or therapeutically useful.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1989

The role of HLA class I antigens in recognition of melanoma cells by tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Evidence for shared tumor antigens.

CTL lines were established in vitro by stimulating patient lymphocytes with autologous melanoma cells in the presence of IL-2. Resulting CTL lines lysed autologous melanoma and failed to lyse several allogeneic melanomas or K562. The mechanism of target cell recognition by autologous tumor-specific CTL was evaluated in this system, using several CTL lines: DT6, DT105, DT141, DT166, DT169, and DT179. Autologous melanoma lysis was inhibited by W6/32, mAb directed against HLA class I Ag, but not by L243, mAb directed against HLA class II Ag. CTL from DT6, DT141, DT166, DT169, and DT179 lysed fresh and cultured allogeneic melanomas, which shared the HLA-A2 Ag, but failed to lyse allogeneic melanomas, which shared B-region or C-region Ag, or shared no HLA class I Ag. CTL from DM141 lysed DM93, which shared A2 and Bw6, but failed to lyse DM105, which shared only Bw6. DM105 CTL failed to lyse allogeneic melanomas that shared HLA-A1, or that shared B or C region Ag, but they did lyse allogeneic melanoma DM49, which expressed an A region Ag that either was A10 or was serologically cross-reactive with A10. A T cell leukemia line, three EBV transformed B cell lines, and a pancreatic cancer line, all of which expressed HLA-A2, were not lysed by DM6 or DM179 CTL. Furthermore, HLA-matched nonmelanomas failed to inhibit autologous tumor lysis in cold target inhibition assays, whereas an HLA-A2+ allogeneic melanoma, DM93, inhibited autologous tumor lysis as effectively as the autologous tumor itself. HLA-A2, and possibly other HLA-A-region Ag, appear to function in HLA-restricted recognition of shared melanoma associated Ag by CTL.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1989

Serological response of non-human primates to human melanoma disialoganglioside GD3.

The immunogenicity of the disialoganglioside, GD3, a melanoma-tumor-associated antigen, has been evaluated in non-human primates. Sera from four chimpanzees and two monkeys were evaluated for anti-GD3 antibody activity by solid-phase radioimmunoassay using GD3 and control gangliosides as targets. Serum from one monkey, immunized with cells from a melanoma cell line, was strongly reactive with GD3, having a titer of greater than 2500. In contrast, serum from this animal was non-reactive with several other gangliosides including the structurally similar GM3. Anti-GD3 reactivity was also demonstrable, albeit in low titer, in the sera of an additional monkey and a chimpanzee. Each of these animals had likewise been immunized using cells from melanoma cell lines. On the basis of these observations, suggestive of a primate anti-GD3 antibody response, we initiated a series of immunizations of chimpanzee using purified GD3 bound to Salmonella minnesota, R595. IgG reactive with melanoma cells in the cell-binding assay was first detected in sera collected after 4 immunizations and increased in titer against each reactive melanoma cell line during the immunizations. Reactivity of this serum with melanoma cell lines demonstrated a direct correlation with the expression of GD3 by the respective cell line. Anti-GD3 reactivity was evident in solid-phase radioimmunoassay against purified GD3 beginning with serum collected after 11 immunizations. By comparison with its binding to the control ganglioside panel, this serum demonstrated strong specificity for GD3 (titer = 640) while having only marginal reactivity with GM3 (titer = 40). Immune serum from this animal was also able specifically to block subsequent binding of a murine IgM anti-GD3 antibody (DMab7) to target GD3 in solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Together, these observations suggest that GD3, in the form of a purified molecule bound to a bacterial matrix or as part of the intact melanoma cell membrane, can be immunogenic in non-human primates, and is able to elicit an antibody response of appropriate specificity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Melanoma-specific cytotoxic T cells generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Implications of a renewable source of precursors for adoptive cellular immunotherapy.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for autologous human melanoma have been generated in vitro from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of five patients with resectable stage II malignant melanoma. The PBL were cultured with 5u/ml recombinant IL-2 and were repeatedly stimulated with irradiated fresh or cultured autologous tumor cells. Cytotoxicity was determined by four-hour chromium release assays. Specific cytotoxicity developed in 30 to 40 days, after three or four stimulations with tumor. The PBL-derived CTL are CD3+ and are mixed for CD4+ and CD8+ phenotypes. They lysed autologous melanoma and failed to lyse allogeneic melanoma, K562, or autologous lymphocytes. The lysis of autologous tumor was maintained for more than 4 months. The cells proliferated in response to autologous, but not allogeneic melanoma cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Lysis of the autologous tumor target was inhibited with w6/32, a monoclonal antibody to HLA Class I antigens. It is concluded that PBL may serve as a plentiful and renewable source of precursor cells for the generation of autologous tumor-specific CTL, which may be useful in specific adoptive cellular immunotherapy of melanoma.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1989

Juvenile malignant melanoma.

Malignant melanoma in children and adolescents is a rare phenomenon. During a retrospective computer-aided chart review, 78 patients less than 20 years of age were identified who had the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. This accounted for 1.8 per cent of all the melanomas registered at the University Melanoma Clinic. Fifty-one per cent were females, and all the patients were white. Most of the lesions were found on the primary areas of the trunk and extremities. Sixty-seven per cent of the melanomas were of the superficial spreading type, and 82 per cent were invasive to Clark level III and IV. The range of tumor thickness was 0.32 to 5.22 millimeters, with a mean of 1.76 millimeters. Similar population characteristics were noted in the adult and juvenile populations. Controlling for the two most powerful prognostic factors for Stage I melanoma, that is, ulceration and tumor thickness, the actuarial survival times between the two population groups were similar. The median survival times in the adult and juvenile population were 12.9 and 11.9 years, respectively (p = 0.54). There was a trend toward a shorter disease-free interval in the juvenile population. The five year disease-free interval was 65 per cent for adults with melanoma compared with 57 per cent for juveniles with malignant melanoma (p = 0.16). Multiple regression analysis failed to reveal age less than 20 years to be an independent prognostic factor for the development of metastases or over-all survival time. Recurrent disease was observed in 46.2 per cent of juveniles with melanoma who were initially Stage I at diagnosis. Eighty per cent of the relapses occurred in either the local skin or regional lymph nodes. Although malignant melanoma is rare in populations of patients younger than 20 years of age, clinicians should be aware that melanoma does occur in juveniles. With an aggressive approach to surgical therapy, survival rate is comparable with that of the adult population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Melanoma patient antibody responses to melanoma tumor-associated antigens defined by murine monoclonal antibodies.

Sera from melanoma patients undergoing immunization with three distinct immunogens were evaluated for development of IgG antibody specific for the melanoma tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) GD3 and 250-kd glycoprotein (high molecular weight; HMW). Of 99 patients receiving either irradiated allogeneic melanoma cells admixed with bacillus Calmette-Guérin, vaccinia viral oncolysate melanoma cell membranes, or cholesterol hemisuccinate-modified melanoma cells, 12 were determined to have responded against GD3 and 17 against the HMW TAA. This reactivity was measured using both direct binding to purified TAA and specific inhibition of binding of murine monoclonal antibodies R24 and Me-1-14 for GD3 and HMW TAA, respectively. Preimmune sera from these patients did not react with these TAAs, nor did preimmune sera or follow-up sera from melanoma patients electing not to receive immunotherapy. These results suggest that melanoma patients can be immunized against these TAAs as presented on the melanoma cell membrane in an immunotherapy setting and that immunization using purified TAAs might likewise be feasible.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Human cytotoxic T cells specific for autologous melanoma cells: successful generation from lymph node cells in seven consecutive cases.

Human T-cell populations specifically cytotoxic for autologous melanoma cells have been successfully generated from lymph node cells obtained from seven consecutive patients. The lymph node cells were stimulated in vitro with autologous irradiated melanoma cells; stimulation was repeated every 10-15 days at a tumor cell-to-lymphocyte ratio of approximately 1:20. Cytotoxic activity was assessed by a 4-hour 51Cr release assay. Mean lysis of autologous tumor cells was 47% at an effector-to-target cell ratio of 20:1, while mean lyses of the human myeloid leukemia cell line K562, allogeneic melanoma cells, and an osteosarcoma cell were 20%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. There was no lysis of autologous fibroblasts, fresh lymphocytes, or phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blasts. Three grades of specificity developed sequentially. In grade I, lysis of autologous tumor cells exceeded lysis of allogeneic tumor cells but did not exceed lysis of K562 cells. In grade II, lysis of autologous tumor cells exceeded lysis of K562 cells and all allogeneic tumor cells tested. In grade III, potent lysis of autologous tumor cells (greater than 40%) exceeded lysis of K562 cells and of all allogeneic tumor cells tested. All seven lymphocyte populations reached or exceeded grade I. Six reached or exceeded grade II. Two progressed to grade III. The generated cells were T cells, as determined by phenotypic analysis with flow cytometry. CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells accounted for 83%-100% of the cells. CD8+ T cells were separated from CD4+ T cells by panning with OKT8 and OKT4 antibodies. The resulting CD8-enriched and CD4-enriched populations were compared as effectors in cytotoxicity assays. The results suggest that the cell responsible for lysis of autologous tumor cells is CD8+. The methods used in this study have repeatedly resulted in the successful generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specifically cytotoxic for autologous melanoma cells; it is suggested that these cells have potential application for adoptive immunotherapy of melanoma.

Antigens, Surface↗
PubMed1988

Autologous lymph node cell-derived tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy of human melanoma.

The in vitro development of tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells from draining and tumor-involved lymph nodes obtained from melanoma patients were examined. Fresh draining or tumor-involved lymph node cells (LNC) demonstrate no significant cytotoxic activity against a variety of tumor targets including autologous melanoma. Natural killer cell (NK) activity is very low or absent in all of these specimens. Culture of the cells with irradiated autologous tumor and expansion in recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) results in strong cytotoxicity for autologous tumor cells. The cultured cells are T-cells of mixed CD4 and CD8 phenotypes. Following restimulation with autologous tumor, these lines are capable of becoming specifically cytotoxic for autologous tumor as tested in direct killing and in cold target inhibition studies. The LNC yield from fresh specimens ranges from 1 X 10(7) to more than 1 X 10(9) cells averaging 5 X 10(8) cells. After the cells are cultured, we can achieve up to a 60-fold or more increase in cell numbers, that demonstrate strong cytotoxicity for melanomas. The potential for adoptive immunotherapy using such specifically sensitized cytotoxic T-cells of mixed phenotypes is discussed.

Cell Line↗