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H G Reinhard

Publications and source records attributed to H G Reinhard.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Significance of parent-child relations for development of moral reasoning in adolescence: a study of psychiatrically disordered adolescents].

In accordance with structural-developmental theory in the tradition of Piaget and Kohlberg, moderate amounts of conflict between adolescents and their parents should influence the sociomoral development of the adolescents in an optimal way. The same hypothesis is compatible with a social-constructivistic approach (Youniss, Keller, Haan, Miller), which emphasizes the role of communicative processes in the development and validation of moral rules. The results of our empirical study with 43 severely mentally disturbed adolescents aged 14 to 19 years indirectly confirm this hypothesis. Adolescents with moderate amounts of family conflict reached a higher stage in moral reasoning than those with either very severe problems or only minor problems with their parents. In an additional analysis we investigated the relation between the severity of the conflicts and the emotional attachment of the adolescent to his or her parents. Our data indicate that moderate problems in the interaction between child and parents are associated with a family atmosphere that seems to facilitate the development of an integrated personality and identity. A balanced coexistence of separateness and connectedness offers the young person the best chance to develop and clearly communicate his or her own point of view and to solve interpersonal problems by reaching a consensus that takes into account the needs and interests of the other family members.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Stability, reliability and factor structure of a German version of the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs 1983)].

A German version of the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1983) was used three times in a study with 84 elementary school pupils (4th grade) aged between 9 and 12. The scale was sounded out on its psychometric properties. Results obtained offered a satisfactory reliability (Cronbachs's alpha between .81 and 87, Retest-reliability = .80 for an four weeks interval) and stability (r = .75 and r = .72 for intervals of 5 and 6 months). The factor analyses indicate that the German version of the CDI is an unidimensional scale. The results are compared with those of the American original and to other German CDI-Versions.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Dissocial behaviour and the formation of moral judgement in adolescence.

The examination of moral judgement under the aspects of judgement competence and of judgement performance has achieved an important result in connection with an analysis of the biographical context of dissocial adolescents above all in the area of the décalage of the moral judgement. Whilst the global level demonstrates no relationship to dissocial behaviour, the connection between dissocial behaviour and décalage, the difference between global and the highest reached level, between global stage and competence stage is significant. The thus characterized imperilment of the coherence of the ego corresponds with the result found in psychotic adolescents of a distinct décalage as sign of a distinct disactualisations weakness (Reinhard 1990a) and presents proof of Rauchfleisch's (1981) thesis, which moves dissocial adolescents to the proximity of borderline disturbances and just as with psychoses diagnoses an imperilment of the ego coherence at the sight of massive splitting tendencies. The peculiarities of existential mastering found over and above--liability of mood and evasion--correspond with the results found previously in a larger random test of dissocial adolescents (Reinhard 1988b). Further connections between moral judgement and forms of existential mastering should be gone into elsewhere (Reinhard 1991).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Isolation and the mastering of anxiety in physically handicapped children and adolescents.

The detailed exploration of 50 physically handicapped children and adolescents and the evaluation of the results with the help of biography-near rating procedures according to Thomae have produced numerous significant connections. A central theme of the living world of these children can be seen in the social isolation, the dismay about a restriction in the social life circle. The children and adolescents react predominantly to such an isolation with resistance strategies. Whereas in normal everyday life the attribution of responsibility to others, aggression and depression determine the attitude, in the school area playing down and illusion formation, distraction and rationalization are predominant. In the family, depressive-resignative reactions determine the physically handicapped child's responses, just as in leisure time. Finally, in the area of the handicap, if it is perceived in connection with the reaction of social isolation, the most depressive-resignative, attributing responsibility to others, psychophysical and rationalizing ways of reaction occur. In all, an adequate mastering of the handicap is greatly impaired by social isolation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Cognitive theories of depression. Implications for the investigation of emotional disturbances in childhood and adolescence.

In all important cognitive theories of depression negative patterns of thought or thought processes are seen as being involved in the development and/or signs and symptoms of depressions. Thus Beck (1967, 1976) proceeds on the assumption that individuals with a predisposition to depressive illnesses have, because of earlier experiences, arrived at negative attitudes which, in connection with stress factors, bring about, determine and/or strengthen negative thought processes and depressive signs and symptoms. According to Rehm (1977), depressive people are characterized by a specific, unfavourable self-control style, which, amongst others, goes along with an increased consideration of negative aspects within one's own behaviour and/or within one's self. The attributional models of depression of Abramson, Seligman and Tesdale (1978) and Miller and Norman (1979) that came into being with the further development of Seligman's model of learned helplessness, proceed from the existence of a "depressive attribution style" that is characterized by internal, stable and global attributions for negative events and external, variable and specific attributions for positive events. In the hopelessness theory of depression (a revision of the reformulated helplessness theory by Abramson, Seligman and Teasdale 1978) Abramson, Metalsky and Alloy (1989) assume a (hopelessness) sub-type of depression for which they see the experience of hopelessness (in the sense of their definition) as almost sufficient cause for a coming into being and an unfavourable attribution style simply as a susceptibility factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Depression and moral identity in adolescence.

The theoretical and empirical examination on hand is devoted to the analysis of the relation between depression in adolescence and the development of moral identity. Corresponding to theoretical forecasts a distinct depressive syndrome is found which presupposes the development of feelings of guilt, only with the attainment of the conventional moral level. As ambivalence conflicts have to be seceded and denied to a considerable extent, because of the proximity to real conflicts of the adolescents also the moral dilemmas in the examination according to Kohlberg are distorted and perceived filtered by defence processes; there results, correspondingly, a close connection between the formation of the depression and lower sociomoral level. In the same way, because of the predicted massive ambiguityintolerance of depressive persons also the difference between highest possible judgement level and average level found in relations to the formation of the depression is slighter; the socio-moral development is stimulated correspondingly less. The image of depression in adolescence which correlates with these findings on moral development is equivalent in its dimensions of restricted life world and distorted lifestyle to results gained previously from larger random tests on depressive toning down in adolescence (comp. Reinhard 1986).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Décalage in moral judgement as a measure of deactualisation weakness of schizophrenic adolescents.

12 schizophrenic, 11 borderline and 20 neurotic adolescents were examined with the procedure, according to Kohlberg, to moral development. In addition, existence techniques, themes and formal personality attributes according to Thomae were assessed. In schizophrenic adolescents a very distinct discrepancy between average and the highest stage values of the moral judgement were the main result (décalage value). This distinct décalage corresponds with the previously discussed distinct ambiguity tolerance of schizophrenics that comes into being on the basis of a deactualisation weakness towards situatively stimulated representative pieces of existence. In connection with this décalage and with the other values for moral judgement are findings on life style and theme that can be interpreted in the sense of an introversion and a cry for help connected with increased resistance and present a form of illness mastering. A detachment from the parents only appears possible at the cost of an increased lability (in the area of moral and ego-identity as décalage).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Subcultural styles in adolescence.

Young peoples' protest against conditions in society as a whole is increasingly carried out by way of provocative style formations, i.e. on the symbolic-expressive level. The intellectual conflict, as it still occurs partially in alternative movements, seems to lose its attractiveness amongst the young people. By means of a critical reflection of the dominant concept "culture" and of the predominant cultural significance patterns an attempt is made at deciphering subcultural styles (mods, teds, punks, etc.) as a symbolic form of criticism and rejection towards the prevalent order. The class-specific subcultural style formation is discussed as well as the role of the mass mediae in reference to their spread over all walks of life, internationalization and social collection. Young peoples' subcultures can be seen in their creating and trying-out of alternative standards of living as important orientation helps for the development of a collective and personal identity. This function gains particular significance considering the psychological concept of adolescence as being a particularly vulnerable phase in man's biographic course and the problematic position of modern industrial society discussed from the sociological side under the catchword "Colonialization of the life world (Lebenswelt)" (Habermas 1981).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Defending and coping in psychically disturbed adolescents. I. Theory, results of factor analysis.

More recent contributions of a sociologically, development-psychologically or also characterologically orientated psychoanalysis stress the significance of defence and coping mechanisms for psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Cognitive development psychology and interactional psychopathology point in a similar direction. An empirical analysis of 1008 child and adolescent psychiatric patients went into the question of the relative importance of these dimensions of defence and coping for the diagnosis of these patients. Alongside behaviour disorders and psychopathological symptoms also formal personality attributes, existential themes and existential techniques were recorded. The data was factor analytically reduced. Particularly informative in the existential techniques was a comparison between a factor of coping and several defence factors. The factor analysis of second order confirmed the expectation, according to which a close association of coping and expansion/restriction as a dimension of life world resulted on the one hand and a connection between psychopathology and defence dimensions on the other hand. As a total result, a confirmation of the significance of dimensions of defence and coping for a psychopathology in childhood and adolescence can be recognized. Self strength, lacking impulse control, evasive fear resistance, physical symptoms and signs, narcissistic resistance, fear of achievement, foregoing and misled autonomy present, on a factoral level, a crossing of psychopathology and dimensions of defence and coping and thus an enrichment of psychopathological diagnosis in childhood and adolescence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

[Testing the German versions of the temperament questionnaires developed by Carey and assistants].

In a longitudinal study of 139 children, the children's parents filled out the Infant Temperament Questionnaire when the children were 7 months old and the Toddler Temperament Scale when they were 15 months old. Several of the means and standard deviations differed significantly from the corresponding values of the American standardization. The results concerning the internal structure, the stability of the scale values and the correlations with external variables, on the other hand, agreed quite well with those of the American studies.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗