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Biomedical subjects

H Goodglass

Publications and source records attributed to H Goodglass.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Pantomime, praxis, and aphasia.

The production and comprehension of pantomimed movements by asphasic subjects were studied with respect to their relationship to the aphasic deficit on one hand and apraxia on the other. At issue was whether impaired use of pantomime is a manifestation of reduced symbolic capacity or purely a manifestation of an apraxic impairment of purposeful movement or both. Tests of pantomime included a Pantomime Recognition Test, a nonverbal Transitive Pantomime Production Test, and an Intransitive Pantomime Production Test (to oral command). Imitation of Nonmeaningful Movements served as a measure of apraxia, uncontaminated by symbolic or linguistic factors. Imitation of Meaningful Movements taken from the pantomime tasks was also tested. Independent measures of auditory comprehension, picture naming, and reading comprehension were used as indices of language impairment. Intellectual function was measured by the Performance scale of the WAIS. Thirty aphasic subjects were examined. Twenty healthy age-matched normals served to establish scoring standards for the pantomime tests. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant, independent contributions from both auditory comprehension and imitation of Nonmeaningful Movements to all of the tests of pantomime production and pantomime recognition. All measures of pantomime production and pantomime recognition were strongly intercorrelated. While the three language measures were strongly correlated with each other, auditory comprehension was the only one of them that was significantly and consistently related to the pantomime tests. None was related to the imitation of nonmeaningful movement. The results are taken as indicating (1) that pantomime production and imitation share common factors with both praxis and auditory comprehension; (2) apraxia entails impairment of both production and interpretation of purposeful movements. Possible theoretical accounts for these results are offered.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Idiosyncratic word associations following right hemisphere damage.

Single oral word associations produced by right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD) stroke patients and age-matched healthy controls were analyzed to assess the right-hemisphere contribution to lexical-semantic processes. RHD patients did not differ from normals in terms of response times, in syntactic class of the response word, or in numbers of errors in response to words drawn from different grammatical categories and words differing in imageability/concreteness. Groups also did not differ in the number of high frequency, popular, associations produced. Despite their apparently intact ability to access high-frequency lexical associates, RHD patients, particularly those with frontal-lobe lesions, also sporadically produced lexical responses that were idiosyncratically related or that were totally unrelated to the stimulus word. An attentional disorder is suggested to explain these pragmatically deviant lexical associations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Deep dysphasia: analysis of a rare form of repetition disorder.

"Deep dysphasia" is the parallel in repetition to the reading impairment deep dyslexia. Our patient, S.M., showed part of speech, word/nonword, and concreteness effects in repetition, and he made semantic errors, but his oral reading was relatively spared. Further testing indicated that S.M. did not have difficulty perceiving spoken stimuli or deciding their lexical status, but he was deficient at semantically processing spoken words. Moreover, his phonemic memory was severely impaired. We argue that the routes for repetition (lexical and nonlexical) that function without semantic mediation were defective and that deficits in phonemic memory further diminished their effectiveness, since initial phonological encoding of spoken words was not available to guide the output stages of phonological processing. In addition, the semantically mediated route for repetition was unreliable because semantic processing was faulty and S.M. could not accurately label concepts.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Effects of word-onset cuing on picture naming in aphasia: a reconsideration.

When an aphasic is unable to name an object, giving the patient the opening sounds of the target name will often trigger the correct response. Eighteen aphasic subjects were tested using a gating paradigm to compare word onset durations necessary to elicit correct names after an initial naming failure with those necessary for recognizing the same words when spoken in isolation with no picture present. Prerecognition errors were also examined. Results suggested that the facilitation of naming found when examiners supply word-onset sound cues may be due in part to a two-stage process consisting of stem-completion followed by matching the picture with the potential name as generated.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Disorders in executive control functions among aphasic and other brain-damaged patients.

Four experimental procedures for assessing disorders of executive control (Nonverbal Continuous Performance, Graphic Pattern Generation, Sequence Generation Test, and Tower of Hanoi) were administered to 22 left-brain-damaged aphasic patients, 19 right-brain-damaged nonaphasic patients, and 49 healthy controls. Aphasic patients with frontal-lobe lesions were significantly more impaired on these tasks than aphasics with retrorolandic or mixed lesions in the left hemisphere. Patients with right-hemisphere lesions, especially those with frontal-lobe lesions, showed even greater impairments on these visual/spatial tasks. The results suggest that aphasics' impairments in executive control are independent of their linguistic and visuospatial deficits and are specific to lesions in left frontal and prefrontal regions. The clinical utility of the experimental procedures is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Body image and comprehension of body part names.

The relation between awareness of body topology and auditory comprehension of body part names was studied in 22 aphasic subjects. Two nonverbal tasks--human figure drawing and placement of individual body parts in relation to a drawn face--were compared with two auditory tests of body part comprehension. The two nonverbal and the two verbal tasks were closely correlated with each other, but there was no relation involving either of the verbal tests with either of the nonverbal tests. Selection errors in the auditory comprehension tasks were predominantly semantically based and equally distributed between functionally analogous parts and parts related by location on the body.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

The nature of prolonged word search.

Two alternative hypotheses were considered concerning the process of prolonged search for an uncommon word in response to hearing its definition. One alternative is that a conscious retrieval effort brings the target progressively closer to threshold. The second is that the retrieval process is a random neural exploration outside of conscious control. A tachistoscopic probe was devised to compare word recognition thresholds after 10 sec versus 30 sec of presumed search time. Results failed to show a difference between the two delay conditions and were interpreted as inconsistent with the first alternative but consistent with the second.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

The relationship between limb apraxia and the spontaneous use of communicative gesture in aphasia.

This study investigated the relationship between limb apraxia, as assessed by a formal clinical test, and the production of spontaneous communicative gesture, as measured by a newly designed rating scale--the Nonvocal Communication Scale (NCS). Subjects were aphasic adult males with cerebrovascular lesions of the left hemisphere. The performance of aphasic patients on the praxis test and the NCS was independent of demographic, neuroanatomic, linguistic, or cognitive variables, except for global aphasics who were low-scoring across the board. There was a significant positive correlation, however, between praxis ability and spontaneous gestural communication. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Anomia↗
PubMed1988

Category and modality specific dissociations in word comprehension and concurrent phonological dyslexia.

A 62-yr-old aphasic patient was found to have a marked auditory comprehension deficit for body parts, colors, numbers and letters in the face of excellent comprehension for all other word categories and virtually intact reading comprehension for all word categories, including those affected by the auditory dissociation. A severe impairment in the graphophonemic route for reading was also discovered. The case is discussed in the context of category-specific dissociations after brain injury and the possible mechanism for failures of body part comprehension.

Anomia↗
PubMed1987

Auditory syntactic comprehension in nine aphasia groups (with CT scans) and children: differences in degree but not order of difficulty observed.

Auditory syntactic comprehension was examined in nine groups of aphasics (60 stroke cases) and 3 and 6 year old children. Ten syntactic contrast pairs were studied. Differences in degree but not order of difficulty were observed. The 5 easier pairs were Gender; On/Under; Negative/Affirmative; Object-number; Subject-number; the 5 more difficult pairs were Past/Present; Subject/Object Reversible; Is/Are; Relative Clause; and Future/Present. The "marked" half-pair was significantly more difficult--i.e., Negative vs. Affirmative; Plural vs. Singular Subject; Future or Past vs. Present. Performance on the test was significantly correlated with the BDAE Auditory Comprehension z-score and Token Test. The 3 year old children most closely resembled the Severe Wernicke's (but were better than the Globals), and the 6 year old children were similar to aphasia cases with mild comprehension deficits and frontal or parietal perisylvian lesions which spared most of Wernicke's area. Wernicke's area (posterior two-thirds superior temporal gyrus area) appears to be the area most sensitive to auditory syntactic comprehension. However, the surrounding perisylvian areas including frontal and parietal lobes are also areas sensitive to syntactic comprehension.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Dyslexia, dysnomia, and lexical retrieval: a longitudinal investigation.

Results from a 3-year longitudinal investigation of confrontation naming in 98 children (75 average readers, 14 severely impaired readers, 9 bilingual readers) indicate: kindergarten performance on confrontation naming predicts Grade 2 reading performance, particularly reading comprehension; confrontation naming differentiates average from severely impaired readers; and lexical retrieval, not vocabulary knowledge, is the major source of difference between reading groups. Findings on lexical retrieval are integrated with research on naming access speed. The implications of these results for specification of dyslexia subgroups are discussed.

Anomia↗
PubMed1986

Category specific dissociations in naming and recognition by aphasic patients.

Two studies examined category specific retrieval deficits in aphasic patients. The first study tested naming performance of 24 aphasic patients for pictures of objects representing 16 semantic categories. Instances of deviantly high and low naming scores relative to a patient's general level of naming ability were encountered, most notably for letters, body parts and colors. The second study compared name production versus name recognition for 117 aphasic patients across six stimulus categories. Although a general superiority of name recognition over name production was found, thirteen patients, predominantly fluent aphasics, accounted for most instances of correct naming in the absence of correct name recognition. Letters, body parts and colors were again most notable. Several issues in lexical access for name recognition versus name production are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Sex differences in the lateralization of language discrimination vs language production.

Two tachistoscopic studies employing normal males and females were done to investigate the inconsistency of obtained sex differences on visual laterality tasks to the extent that this inconsistency is task specific. Type of linguistic task (discrimination vs production) and control of attention were manipulated. Results showed that on language discrimination, the sexes were fairly equally lateralized, while on production tasks, females showed greater laterality differences. The attempt to control for attention resulted in higher field differences, but especially so for females. It is suggested that more consideration of task demands in laterality experiments should help clarify the nature of sex differences in laterality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Localization of body parts in brain injured subjects.

The issues which were dealt with in this study were whether the determinants of failure in body part identification differed as a function of modality of stimulus presentation or as a function of response conditions, and whether such differences could be attributed to neurologically determined variables, or to a generalized disorder of awareness of body topology. No evidence was found to support any of these latter factors as an explanation for impaired body part identification. Rather it can be concluded that a common factor underlies success in identifying body parts under all conditions and that this factor is the strength and precision of the conceptual representation of individual body parts.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The effects of slowed speech on auditory comprehension in aphasia.

The present study investigates the effects of slowed speech on auditory comprehension in aphasia. Specifically, an attempt was made to isolate the effects of added time on comprehension at the language processing stages of auditory perception, by increasing the duration of the vowel segments in each word; word recognition and semantic analysis, by adding silences between words; and syntactic analysis, by adding silences at constituent phrase boundaries. Sentences were also read at a slow rate to see the effects of naturally slowed speech on sentence comprehension. Test sentences consisted of simple active and passive declarative sentences, and complex sentences with embedded medial and final relative clauses. Sentences were either semantically reversible or nonreversible. Thirty-four aphasic patients who varied in both severity and type of aphasia were tested on a picture verification task. Results indicated that slowing facilitated language comprehension significantly only in the syntactic condition. Neither syntactic complexity nor semantic reversibility interacted with slowed speech to facilitate auditory language comprehension. Further, it was only the Wernicke's aphasics who showed significant improvement with time added at constituent boundaries. These results suggest that time alone does not facilitate language comprehension in aphasia, but that rather it is the interaction of time with syntactic processing which improves comprehension.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1985

Picture-naming in aphasia.

The distribution of picture-naming errors for Broca's aphasics (n = 9), Wernicke's aphasics (n = 9), conduction aphasics (n = 9), frontal anomics (n = 7), and posterior anomics (n = 9) was examined to determine the diagnostic power of error types in picture-naming. Negated responses were associated with Broca's aphasia, whole-part errors ("hose" for nozzle) were associated with frontal anomia, and poor phonemic cuing was associated with Wernicke's aphasia. In addition, the relative distribution of the three most prominent naming errors-phonemic errors, semantic errors, and multiword circumlocutions-tended to distinguish the two anomic subgroups from the other aphasia subgroups. Anomic aphasics produced the fewest phonemic errors and the most multiword circumlocutions; this pattern suggests minimal word-production difficulty in anomic aphasia relative to the other aphasia syndromes. Despite such group differences, the overall picture indicates that there is considerable similarity among aphasia syndromes in terms of picture-naming behavior.

Anomia↗
PubMed1985

Lexical retrieval in healthy aging.

Lexical retrieval for common nouns and verbs was measured using 2 picture naming tests in 162 healthy female and male subjects aged 30 to 79 years. Responses were scored for correctness, responsivity to cueing, and response type. The ability to name both word types declined with age, especially after age 70 in healthy subjects. More errors were made on object names than action names, especially for older subjects. Subjects of all ages were equally able to utilize phonemic cues. With increasing age subjects produced more circumlocutions and fewer semantic errors. Response type difference need not reflect qualitative differences in lexical retrieval; rather, they reflect the quantitatively greater difficulty of the task for healthy older people as compared to younger adults. The naming difficulty for healthy aging, we conclude, is at the label retrieval stage.

Adult↗