Production of trichothecenes and zearalenone by isolates of Fusarium spp. from Argentinian maize.
Fusarium cultures (27 isolates of Fusarium graminearum, 5 of F. sporotrichioides, 5 of F. semitectum, 2 of F. solani, and one isolate of F. equiseti, F. heterosporum and F. oxysporum respectively, from maize ears) were screened to determine their ability to produce different trichothecenes and zearalenone. Twenty of 27 F. graminearum isolates produced deoxynivalenol (384-5745 micrograms/kg), 7/27 produced 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (322-1840 micrograms/kg), 3/27 produced neosolaniol (199-898 micrograms/kg), 5/27 produced diacetoxyscirpenol (205-3095 micrograms/kg), 4/27 produced HT-2 toxin (278-1377 micrograms/kg) and 13/27 produced zearalenone (200-35045 micrograms/kg). No isolate of F. graminearum produced either nivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, T-2 tosin, T-2 triol or T-2 tetraol. Only chemotype IA (deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol) was observed. F. sporotrichioides isolates produced deoxynivalenol (5/5), T-2 triol and T-2 tetraol (1/5) and zearalenone (1/5). One F. semitectum isolate produced diacetoxyscirpenol and F. equiseti and F. oxysporum isolates produced only deoxynivalenol. Thus, three of the toxins studied, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol are most likely to appear as contaminants in freshly harvested maize.