Electrical stimulation of arterial and central chemosensory afferents at different times in the respiratory cycle of the cat: I. Ventilatory responses.
Ventilatory responses to stimulation of chemoreceptor afferents were studied in the anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cat. Short bursts of electrical stimuli were applied, at various times in the inspiratory or expiratory phase of consecutive breaths, to the carotid sinus (CSN) and aortic nerves (AN) and to the ventral medulla (VM), and effects on tidal volume (VT), inspiratory, expiratory and cycle durations (tI, tE, ttot) and in ventilation (VE) were measured. The responses evoked by stimulating CSN, AN and VM were qualitatively the same, although there were quantitative differences. It was found that effects of stimulation in expiration were restricted to the expiratory phase, and vice versa for inspiration. Stimulation during both inspiration and expiration resulted in increased VT, by increasing end-inspiratory or decreasing end-expiratory lung volume, respectively, and also increased ventilation, VE. These effects were most marked in response to stimulation in inspiration. During both phases there was an increasing effect with increasing delay of the stimulus, tSt, from onset of inspiration or expiration, respectively. There was a continuous increase in tI, from below control to above control values, with increasing tSt during inspiration and similarly for tE during expiration. Hence, the total respiratory cycle duration was shortened when a stimulus was applied early in either phase, and was prolonged, when it was applied late. The results show that stimulation of peripheral and of central chemoafferents exerts qualitatively similar effects on respiration. The central neuronal mechanisms generating both inspiration and expiration show the same changes in reactivity in the respiratory cycle.