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H H Maurer

Publications and source records attributed to H H Maurer.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Identification of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of 3',4'-methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP), a designer drug, in human liver microsomes.

The metabolism of 3',4'-methylenedioxy-a-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP), a novel designer drug, to its demethylenated major metabolite 3',4'-dihydroxy-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (di-HO-PPP) was studied in pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) and in cDNA-expressed human hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. CYP2C19 catalysed the demethylenation with apparent Km and Vmax values of 120.0+/-13.4 microM and 3.2+/-0.1 pmol/min/pmol CYP, respectively (mean+/-standard deviation). CYP2D6 catalysed the demethylenation with apparent Km and Vmax values of 13.5+/-1.5 microM and 1.3+/-0.1 pmol/min/pmol CYP, respectively. HLM exhibited a clear biphasic profile with an apparent Km,1 value of 7.6+/-9.0 and a Vmax,1 value of 11.1+/-3.6 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Percentages of intrinsic clearances of MDPPP by specific CYPs were calculated using the relative activity factor (RAF) approach with (S)-mephenytoin-4'-hydroxylation or bufuralol-1'-hydroxylation as index reactions for CYP2C19 or CYP2D6, respectively. MDPPP, di-HO-PPP and the standard 4'-methyl-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MPHP) were separated and analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The CYP2D6-specific chemical inhibitor quinidine (3 microM) significantly (p<0.001) inhibited di-HO-PPP formation by 75.8%+/-1.7% (mean+/-standard error of the mean) in incubation mixtures with HLM and 2 microM MDPPP. It can be concluded from the data obtained from kinetic and inhibition studies that polymorphically expressed CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 are almost equally responsible for MDPPP demethylenation.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2004

In vivo metabolism of the new designer drug 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (MeOPP) in rat and identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the major metabolic step.

1. The in vivo metabolism of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (MeOPP), a novel designer drug, was studied in male Wistar rats. 2. MeOPP was mainly O-demethylated to 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine (4-HO-PP) in addition to degradation of the piperazine moiety. 3. O-demethylation, the major metabolic step, was studied with cDNA-expressed human hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and in single donor human liver microsomes with CYP2D6 poor metabolizer genotype (PM HLM). 4. CYP2D6 catalysed O-demethylation with apparent Km and Vmax values of 48.34 +/- 14.48 microM and 5.44 +/- 0.47 pmol min(-1) pmol(-1) CYP, respectively. pHLM catalysed the monitored reaction with an apparent Km = 204.80 +/- 51.81 microM and Vmax = 127.50 +/- 13.25 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein. 5. The CYP2D6-specific chemical inhibitor quinidine (1 and 3 microM) significantly inhibited 4-HO-PP formation by 71.9 +/- 4.8% and by 98.5% +/- 0.5%, respectively, in incubation mixtures with pHLM and 200 microM MeOPP. 6. O-demethylation was significantly lower in PM HLM compared with pHLM (70.6% +/- 7.2%). 7. These data suggest that polymorphically expressed CYP2D6 is the enzyme mainly responsible for MeOPP O-demethylation.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Hormonal counterregulation and consecutive glimepiride serum concentrations during severe hypoglycaemia associated with glimepiride therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the release of counterregulatory hormones and consecutive glimepiride serum concentrations during severe hypoglycaemia (SH) associated with glimepiride therapy. METHODS: In nine type-2 diabetic patients [age 81+/-9 (65-93) years; diabetes duration 9+/-4 (3-15) years; initial blood glucose 33+/-16 (10-54) mg/dl (1.8+/-0.9 mmol/l); HbA1c 7.2+/-1.1 (5.6-8.7)%; creatinine clearance 49+/-33 (15-107) ml/min] who experienced SH associated with glimepiride therapy with neuroglucopenic presentation, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), human growth hormone (HGH) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were determined in blood samples taken at 4-h intervals prior to and during treatment with glucose i.v. Serum from the same samples was screened for sulphonylurea-type oral antidiabetics. Glimepiride concentrations were determined by a validated atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry (APCI-LC-MS) assay. RESULTS: Once treatment had begun, normoglycaemia was maintained; most glimepiride levels were below the limit of detection (LOD <0.01 mg/l) and further sulphonylureas could be excluded. The secretion of glucagon and epinephrine as counterregulatory hormonal responses was unaffected. In addition, protracted marked increases of cortisol and norepinephrine levels were demonstrated. Protracted stimulation of insulin and C-peptide occurred in a period of up to 24 h after SH. No significant protracted responses were observed for ACTH, HGH or PP. CONCLUSION: In SH associated with glimepiride therapy, no correlation between glimepiride serum concentrations and the protracted stimulation of insulin and C-peptide was observed. The secretion of glucagon and epinephrine as counterregulatory hormonal responses was unaffected. Protracted increased release of cortisol might be a medium-term indicator of glimepiride-associated SH.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of illicit drug use in plasmapheresis donors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: No data are presently available concerning the frequency of illicit drug use in plasmapheresis donors. We therefore examined source plasma units produced in the United States (US) and in Germany for evidence of illicit drug use among donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five US plasma units from 10 different US states and 75 German plasma units that had been analysed principally for their protein composition were screened for drugs. Determinations were made, using automated immunoassays, of the presence of cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE) and opiates. Positive results were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Eleven US plasma units were found to be positive for cocaine (14.6%), whereas all German samples were cocaine negative (P = 0.0007). Fifteen US plasma units (20%) and one German unit (1.3%) were confirmed as positive for cannabis (P = 0.0003). Three out of 75 US plasma units were positive for both cannabis and cocaine. In none of the 150 samples were amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDE or opiates detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our results strongly suggest differences in cocaine and cannabis consumption between US and German plasmapheresis donors. If these results are confirmed by larger-scale studies, random drug screening (including cocaine) of donors should be implemented in order to reduce the number of drug-containing plasma units, especially in the USA.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed2003

Identification of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of 4'-methoxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MOPPP), a designer drug, in human liver microsomes.

1. The metabolism of 4'-methoxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MOPPP), a novel designer drug, to its demethylated major metabolite 4'-hydroxy-pyrrolidinopropio-phenone (HO-PPP) was studied in pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) and in cDNA-expressed human hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. 2. CYP2C19 catalysed the demethylation with apparent Km and Vmax values of 373.4 +/- 45.1 microM and 6.0 +/- 0.3 pmol min(-1) pmol(-1) CYP, respectively (mean +/- SD). Both CYP2D6 and HLM exhibited clear biphasic profiles with apparent K(m,1) values of 1.3 +/- 0.4 and 22.0 +/- 6.5 microM, respectively, and V(max,1) values of 1.1 +/- 0.1 pmol min(-1) pmol(-1) CYP and 169.1 +/- 20.5 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, respectively. 3. Percentages of intrinsic clearances of MOPPP by particular CYPs were calculated using the relative activity factor (RAF) approach with (S)-mephenytoin-4'-hydroxylation or bufuralol-1'-hydroxylation as index reactions for CYP2C19 or CYP2D6, respectively. 4. MOPPP, HO-PPP and the standard 3',4'-methylenedioxy-pyrrolidinopropio-phenone (MDPPP) were separated and analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode. 5. The CYP2D6 specific chemical inhibitor quinidine (3 microM) significantly (p<0.0001) inhibited HO-PPP formation by 91.8 +/- 0.5% (mean +/- SEM) in incubation mixtures with HLM and 2 microM MOPPP. 6. It can be concluded from the data obtained from kinetic and inhibition studies that polymorphically expressed CYP2D6 is the enzyme mainly responsible for MOPPP demethylation.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases↗
PubMed2001

Validated gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for determination of the antifreezes ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in human plasma after microwave-assisted pivalylation.

A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay is described for identification and quantification of the antifreezes ethylene glycol (EG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) in plasma for early diagnosis of a glycol intoxication. After addition of 1,3-propanediol as internal standard, the plasma sample was deproteinized by acetone and an aliquot of the supernatant was evaporated followed by microwave-assisted pivalylation. After gas chromatographic separation, the glycols were first identified by comparison of the full mass spectra with reference spectra and then quantified. The quantification has been validated according to the criteria established by the Journal of Chromatography B. The assay was found to be selective. The calibration curves for EG and DEG were linear from 0.1 g/l to 1.0 g/l. The limit of detection for EG and DEG was 0.01 g/l and the limit of quantification for both was 0.1 g/l. The absolute recoveries were 50 and 65% for the low quality control samples and 51 and 73% for the high quality control samples of EG and DEG, respectively. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were inside the required limits. The glycols in frozen plasma samples were stable for more than 6 months. The method was successfully applied to several authentic plasma samples from patients intoxicated with glycols. It has also been suitable for analysis of EG and DEG in urine.

Ethylene Glycol↗
PubMed2001

Screening for detection of new antidepressants, neuroleptics, hypnotics, and their metabolites in urine by GC-MS developed using rat liver microsomes.

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) procedure for the detection of new antidepressants, neuroleptics, hypnotics, and their metabolites in urine is presented. The metabolites were first identified in rat liver microsome preparations by GC-MS after isolation and derivatization. Using these GC-MS data, a GC-MS screening was developed for urine as part of the authors' modified systematic toxicologic analysis procedure. After acid hydrolysis of a 2.5-mL aliquot of urine, a further aliquot was added. The mixture was then liquid-liquid extracted at pH 8-9, acetylated, and GC separated. Using mass chromatography with the ions m/z 58, 100, 120, 182, 195, 235, 261, 276, 284. and 293, the presence of new antidepressants, neuroleptics, hypnotics, and their metabolites could be indicated. Positive peaks could be identified by library search using the reference mass spectra recorded during the microsome studies. The intake of therapeutic doses of the following drugs could be monitored in urine: dosulepin, mirtazapine, moclobemide, nefazodone, trazodone, venlafaxine, and zolpidem. Olanzapine and zotepine were detectable in human urine only under steady-state conditions, and low-dose zopiclone was detectable only in overdose. The detection limit was less than 100 ng/mL (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) for the parent drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Validated electrospray liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for the determination of the mushroom toxins alpha- and beta-amanitin in urine after immunoaffinity extraction.

Specific detection of amanitins in body fluids is necessary for an early diagnosis of an intoxication with amanita mushrooms. In this paper, a liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay after immunoaffinity extraction (IAE-LC-MS) is described for the determination of alpha- and beta-amanitin in urine. The method has been validated according to the criteria established by the Journal of Chromatography B. The assay was found to be selective. The calibration curves for alpha- and beta-amanitin were linear from 5 to 75 ng/ml. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were inside the required limits. Amatoxins in frozen urine samples or immunoaffinity extracts were stable for more than 6 months, and the IAE columns could be used more than fifty times without remarkable loss in performance. LOD for alpha- and beta-amanitin was 2.5 ng/ml and LOQ for both was 5.0 ng/ml. The absolute recoveries of alpha- and beta-amanitin were 63% and 58% for the low quality control and 61% and 57% for the high quality control. The absolute recovery for the internal standard gamma-amanitin methyl ether at 25 ng/ml was 60%. The analysis of 5 authentic urine samples from patients intoxicated by amanita mushrooms showed a good correlation between the results measured by radioimmunoassay and the IAE-LC-MS assay. A partial validation showed that the assay was also suitable for plasma analysis.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2000

Toxicokinetics and analytical toxicology of amphetamine-derived designer drugs ('Ecstasy').

The phase I and II metabolites of the designer drugs methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), R,S-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), R,S-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), R, S-benzodioxazolylbutanamine (BDB) and R, S-N-methyl-benzodioxazolylbutanamine (MBDB) were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromotography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in urine and liver microsomes of humans and rats. Two overlapping pathways could be postulated: (1) demethylenation followed by catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) catalyzed methylation and/or glucuronidation/sulfatation; (2) N-dealkylation, deamination and only for MDA, MDMA, MDE oxidation to the corresponding benzoic acid derivatives conjugated with glycine. Demethylenation was mainly catalyzed by CYP2D1/6 or CYP3A2/4, but also by CYP independent mechanisms. In humans, MDMA and MBDB could also be demethylenated by CYP1A2. N-demethylation was mainly catalyzed by CYP1A2, N-deethylation by CYP3A2/4. Based on these studies, GC-MS procedures were developed for the toxicological analysis in urine and plasma. Finally, toxicokinetic parameters are reviewed.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed2000

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedures for determination of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity and for detection of unstable catecholic metabolites in human and rat liver preparations after COMT catalyzed in statu nascendi derivatization using S-adenosylmethionine.

A procedure is presented for determination of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity in liver cytosolic preparations using 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine as substrate and by quantifying the product 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine (3-MHP). For quantification of 3-MHP in liver cytosolic preparations a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure after liquid-liquid extraction and acetylation was established and validated. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were better than 15% and 20%, respectively. Extraction efficiency and selectivity were also sufficient. For in statu nascendi derivatization of unstable catecholic metabolites in liver microsome preparations, cytosolic preparations with COMT activities of at least 1 nmol product/min/mg protein were used after addition of S-adenosylmethionine. Such catecholic metabolites, which are claimed to be responsible for toxic effects in vivo, e.g., neurotoxicity or carcinogenesis, must not be overlooked in in vitro metabolism studies. Using this trick, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was suitable for the determination of catecholic metabolites in human and rat liver preparations after the same sample preparation as for 3-MHP quantification. The applicability was exemplified for the antidepressant paroxetine.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the amphetamine-like anorectic fenproporex in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fluorescence polarization immunoassay.

Studies on the metabolism and the toxicological analysis of fenproporex (R,S-3-[(1-phenyl-2-propyl)-amino]-propionitrile, FP) using GC-MS and fluorescence polarization immunoassay are described. The metabolites were identified in urine samples of volunteers by GC-MS after cleavage of conjugates, extraction and acetylation. Besides unchanged FP, fourteen metabolites, including amphetamine, could be identified. Two partially overlapping metabolic pathways could be postulated: ring degradation by one- and two-fold aromatic hydroxylation followed by methylation and side chain degradation by N-dealkylation to amphetamine (AM). A minor pathway leads via beta-hydroxylation of AM to norephedrine. For GC-MS detection, the systematic toxicological analysis procedure including acid hydrolysis, extraction at pH 8-9 and acetylation was suitable (detection limits 50 ng/ml for FP and 100 ng/ml for AM). Excretion studies showed, that only AM but neither FP nor its specific metabolites were detectable 30-60 h after ingestion of 20 mg of FP. Therefore, misinterpretation can occur. The Abbott TDx FPIA amphetamine/methamphetamine II gave positive results up to 58 h. All the positive immunoassay results could be confirmed by the described GC-MS procedure.

Acetylation↗
PubMed2000

Screening procedures for simultaneous detection of several drug classes used for high throughput toxicological analyses and doping control. A review.

This paper reviews high throughput screening procedures for the simultaneous detection of several drug classes relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology or doping control in urine or blood using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography coupled with a diode-array detector (LC-DAD) or mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Basic information describing these systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedures such as the analytes, the biosample, work-up, separation column, mobile phase or separation buffer, detection mode and detection limits are summarized in tables arranged according to the analytical method. Examples of typical applications are presented in 2 figures. Analysis of alternative matrices, like sweat, saliva, nails or hair, was not reviewed.

Doping in Sports↗
PubMed2000

On the metabolism of the amphetamine-derived antispasmodic drug mebeverine: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on rat liver microsomes and on human urine.

We describe gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies of the metabolism of the antispasmodic drug mebeverine [Duspatal, (MB)]. MB is the veratric acid (VA) ester of 4-¿ethyl-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino¿butan-1-ol (MB-OH), which is an N-substituted ethylamphetamine derivative. The metabolites were first identified in rat liver microsome incubates and then detected in urine samples of volunteers through the use of electron impact and positive chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Urinary conjugates were enzymatically cleaved before analysis. The following phase I metabolites of MB could be identified: VA, O-demethyl VA (vanillic and/or isovanillic acid), O-bisdemethyl VA (protocatechuic acid), MB-OH, hydroxy MB-OH, O-demethyl MB-OH, O-demethyl-hydroxy MB-OH, N-desethyl MB-OH, N-desethyl-O-demethyl MB-OH, N-de(hydroxybutyl) MB-OH (methoxy-ethylamphetamine), N-de(hydroxybutyl)-O-demethyl MB-OH (hydroxy-ethylamphetamine), and N-bisdealkyl MB-OH (p-methoxy-amphetamine, known as the designer drug PMA). The following, partly overlapping metabolic pathways of MB could be postulated: ester hydrolysis, O-demethylation, ring hydroxylation, N-deethylation, and N-de(hydroxybutylation). The latter pathway led to ethylamphetamine derivatives and bisdealkylation led to PMA, which are substances of forensic interest. The metabolites containing alcoholic or phenolic hydroxy groups were partly excreted into urine as conjugates.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1999

Systematic toxicological analysis procedures for acidic drugs and/or metabolites relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology and/or doping control.

This paper reviews systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedures for acidic drugs and/or metabolites relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology or doping control using gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Papers from 1992 to 1998 have been taken into consideration. Screening procedures in biosamples (whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, vitreous humor, brain, liver or hair) of humans or animals (horse, or rat) are included for the following drug classes: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II (AT-II) blockers, anticoagulants of the 4-hydroxy coumarin type, barbiturates, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (calcium antagonists), diuretics, hypoglycemic sulfonylureas and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods for confirmation of preliminary results obtained by screening procedures using immunoassay or chromatographic techniques are also included. Furthermore, procedures for the simultaneous detection of several drug classes are reviewed. The toxicological question to be answered and the consequences for the choice of an adequate method, the sample preparation and the chromatography itself are discussed. The basic information about the biosample assayed, work-up, separation column, mobile phase or separation buffer, detection mode and validation data of each procedure is summarized in 16 tables. They are arranged according to the drug class and the analytical method. Examples of typical applications are presented. Finally, STA procedures are reviewed and described allowing simultaneous screening for different (acidic) drug classes.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1999

Efficient cleavage of conjugates of drugs or poisons by immobilized beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase in columns.

BACKGROUND: Cleavage of conjugates is an important step in toxicological analysis, especially of urine samples. The aim of this study was to combine the advantages and to reduce the disadvantages of acid hydrolysis and conventional enzymatic hydrolysis procedures. METHODS: beta-Glucuronidase (GRD; EC 3.2.1.31) and arylsulfatase (ARS; EC 3.1.6.1) were purified and coimmobilized on an agarose gel matrix and packed into columns. RESULTS: In columns packed with GRD and ARS, the test conjugates 4-nitrophenyl glucuronide and 4-nitrophenyl sulfate added into urine could be completely cleaved within 25 min. Even the relatively stable morphine conjugates could be completely hydrolyzed within 60 min in authentic urine samples. Therefore, an incubation time of 1 h is recommended. Enzyme inhibition by matrix or by rather high concentrations of acetaminophen conjugates was tested and found to be up to 50%. However, a large excess of GRD and ARS was used. The immobilizate columns could be reused for at least 70 incubations and had a storage stability of at least 12 weeks. Carryover of analytes in reused columns could be avoided by rinsing with 200 mL/L methanol in acetate buffer. Thus, five drugs known to be contaminants added in very high concentrations into urine could be completely removed from the columns. A study on the applicability in systematic toxicological analysis showed that 120 different drugs and/or their metabolites could be detected in 35 different authentic urine samples. CONCLUSIONS: Use of immobilized and column-packed GRD and ARS is an efficient alternative for the cleavage of urinary conjugates in clinical toxicology.

Arylsulfatases↗
PubMed1998

Detection of 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants and their metabolites in urine as part of a systematic toxicological analysis procedure for acidic drugs and poisons by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after extractive methylation.

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) procedure was developed for the detection of 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants and their metabolites in urine as part of a systematic toxicological analysis procedure for acidic drugs and poisons after extractive methylation. The part of the phase-transfer catalyst remaining in the organic phase was removed by solid-phase extraction on a diol phase. The compounds were separated by capillary GC and identified by computerized MS in the full scan mode. Using mass chromatography with the ions m/z 291, 294, 295, 309, 313, 322, 324, 336, 343 and 354, the possible presence of 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants and/or their metabolites could be indicated. The identity of positive signals in such mass chromatograms was confirmed by comparison of the peaks underlying full mass spectra with the reference spectra recorded during this study. This method allowed the detection of therapeutic concentrations of phenprocoumon and warfarin in human urine samples. In absence of human urine, acenocoumarol, coumachlor, coumatetrayl, pyranocoumarin (cyclocumarol) could be detected only in rat urine.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1998

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in forensic and clinical toxicology.

This paper reviews liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) procedures for the identification and/or quantification of drugs of abuse, therapeutic drugs, poisons and/or their metabolites in biosamples (whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, vitreous humor, liver or hair) of humans or animals (cattle, dog, horse, mouse, pig or rat). Papers published from 1995 to early 1997, which are relevant to clinical toxicology, forensic toxicology, doping control or drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, were taken into consideration. They cover the following analytes: amphetamines, cocaine, lysergide (LSD), opiates, anabolics, antihypertensives, benzodiazepines, cardiac glycosides, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, neuroleptics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), opioids, quaternary amines, xanthins, biogenic poisons such as aconitines, aflatoxins, amanitins and nicotine, and pesticides. LC-MS interface types, mass spectral detection modes, sample preparation procedures and chromatographic systems applied in the reviewed papers are discussed. Basic information about the biosample assayed, work-up, LC column, mobile phase, interface type, mass spectral detection mode, and validation data of each procedure is summarized in tables. Examples of typical LC-MS applications are presented.

Animals↗