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Biomedical subjects

H Hughes

Publications and source records attributed to H Hughes.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Volume of normal prostate, of prostate cancer, and of benign prostatic hyperplasia: are correlations with prostate specific antigen clinically useful?

This retrospective study correlated prostate volume, determined by transrectal ultrasonography, with serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), by Deming regression analysis, in patients with confirmed benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and patients with non-metastatic (M0) or metastatic (M1) prostate cancer. In BPH, a highly significant correlation was found between log10[PSA] and prostate volume. When this PSA/volume regression pattern for BPH was used as a reference standard, all 17 patients with M1 prostate cancer and 83% of the 23 patients with M0 disease were discriminated from BPH.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Ultrasonographic dating of pregnancy causes significant errors in Down syndrome risk assessment that may be minimized by use of biparietal diameter-based means.

OBJECTIVES: Gestational dates assessed by ultrasonographic measurement of fetal dimensions are usually quoted in terms of complete weeks because the uncertainty of ultrasonographic measurement is approximately +/- 7 days. This study examines the effect of ultrasonographic dating on Down syndrome risk assessment. STUDY DESIGN: The effect of small changes in measured biparietal diameter resulting in a change in estimated gestational week and the benefits of a more precise measure of fetal gestational age (raw biparietal diameter) are examined mathematically. RESULTS: If maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin are used to assess Down syndrome risk, risks assessed with ultrasonographically determined dates may be less than or equal to 45% too high for fetuses with biparietal diameter at the lowest end of the size band and less than or equal to 22% too low with biparietal diameter at the top of the size band. If the results for maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated estriol are used, these figures become less than or equal to 150% and less than or equal to 60%, respectively. CONCLUSION: If ultrasonography is used to assess gestational age, the raw biparietal diameter and not the estimated week of gestation must be used to derive means for calculation of multiples of the mean.

Down Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Effects of S14001 on adrenergic neuroeffector interaction in isolated canine saphenous veins.

1. The effects of (S) fluoro-6 (morpholinyl-2 methoxy)-8-tetrahydro-1,2,3,4 quinoleine (S14001) on adrenergic neurotransmission in isolated canine saphenous veins were investigated in experiments which measured the accumulation, overflow and metabolism of 3H-norepinephrine. 2. S14001 inhibited the accumulation of total tritium (3H-norepinephrine and 3H-metabolites of norepinephrine) in a concentration-dependent manner. 3. Under basal conditions, S14001 increased tension and basal effiux of total tritium; the latter consisted predominantly of 3H-DOPEG. The increases in these parameters were not inhibited by desmethylimipramine (DMI). 4. During electrical stimulation, S14001 increased the contraction and overflow of total tritium; the latter consisted predominantly of 3H-DOPEG. The increases in these parameters were inhibited by DMI. 5. These experiments suggest that S14001 has dual effects on adrenergic neurotransmission in the canine saphenous vein: (a) an inhibitory action on the neuronal accumulation; and (b) a pharmacological displacement of the transmitter from adrenergic nerve terminals.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Role of leukotriene B4 in the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat.

A common feature to most models of ischemia-reperfusion injury is the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the post-ischemic tissue during the reperfusion period. Interventions that lead to decreased PMN infiltration protect against tissue injury and therefore a knowledge of the chemotactic mediators leading to PMN accumulation is essential to understanding the pathogenesis of the injury and to the development of successful therapeutic strategies. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a metabolite formed via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway from arachidonic acid, is one of the most potent chemotactic mediators known. We have investigated the formation of LTB4 in a well characterized model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat and made use of a specific leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor, L663,536, to determine the importance of LTB4 in the pathogenesis of the injury. LTB4 concentrations were measured with a specific and sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method previously developed in our laboratory. In liver tissue LTB4 levels were below the detection limit of 20 pg/g before 45 min ischemia and did not increase during the first 6 h of reperfusion. However, at 15 h and 24 h reperfusion LTB4 concentrations had increased to levels 50-fold those in control liver (867 +/- 267 pg/g). The increase of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities indicated two phases of injury, an initial phase during the first few hours of reperfusion, and a second more severe injury phase between 6 h and 24 h reperfusion. PMNs accumulated in tissue throughout the reflow period reaching 700 +/- 49 per 50 high power fields (HPF) at 24 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1992

Inter-relation between measurement of serum prostatic specific antigen and transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer.

Serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and ultrasound-determined prostatic volume (UPV) were measured in 50 patients with histologically proven benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and in 40 patients with histologically proven prostatic cancer of whom 17 had evidence of distant metastases (M1) and 23 did not (M0). A good correlation between log PSA and UPV was demonstrated in the BPH group and rearrangement of the linear regression equation allowed calculation of a single variable--the log PSA corrected to a standard prostate volume for any given individual. A volume-corrected PSA correctly identified all patients with M1 disease and greatly improved but did not eliminate overlap of M0 disease with BPH. Reduction of serum PSA to a single volume-corrected variable will allow the introduction of practical and optimum protocols for the management of patients with prostatic enlargement.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Treatment of handwriting problems utilizing EMG biofeedback training.

The effects of EMG biofeedback training on cursive handwriting were investigated for 4 girls and 5 boys in Grade 4. A significant reduction in EMG between the first baseline session and the last training session was obtained. Four of 5 characteristics of handwriting improved significantly. The need for carefully designed research comparing EMG biofeedback training and relaxation training was indicated. A self-control factor in handwriting was hypothesized.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMed1978

Ultrasonic examination of orbital vasculature.

Patients with orbital varices form a diagnostically important group of those referred for ultrasonic study of orbital proptosis. Two cases are presented in which diagnosis of dilated orbital blood vessels was established by B scan ultrasonography. The echographic appearance of normal and dilated orbital vessels is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Licorice raises urinary cortisol in man.

The finding that urine cortisol excretion was increased in patients with hypokalaemic hypertension induced by licorice addiction led to this study on the effect of licorice in normal subjects. Thirteen normal volunteers ate either 100 or 200 g licorice for 1-4 weeks and assessment of pituitary-adrenal function was made before, during, and 1 week after cessation of licorice ingestion. Urine cortisol excretion more than doubled in 10 of 13 subjects (mean, 33.8 +/- 15.6 SD before and 83.3 +/- 56 SD micrograms/24 h at 1 week after commencing licorice) and excretion rates similar to those observed in Cushing's syndrome were seen in 7 subjects (range, 91-226, compared to normal range of 11-82 micrograms/24 h). Urine cortisol excretion remained significantly elevated (P less than 0.01) above control levels for at least 1 week after licorice was withdrawn. Despite these increases, urinary steroid metabolite (tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, 17-ketogenicsteroids, and 17-ketosteroids) excretion was not affected, plasma cortisol and ACTH values were unchanged, and normal 0800-1600-h diurnal variation of plasma cortisol was maintained. The direct intraadrenal infusion of the active mineralocorticoid component of licorice, glycyrrhetinic acid, in two sheep with autotransplanted adrenal glands failed to stimulate cortisol secretion acutely. It is concluded from these studies that the licorice-induced changes in cortisol excretion are not a result of adrenocoritcal stimulation but more likely represent a change in the renal handling of cortisol.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1978

Effects of relaxation training on cursive handwriting of fourth grade students.

A relaxation method of handwriting improvement was examined. The experimental and no-treatment control groups were composed of 10 students receiving a poor rating on handwriting characteristics and the normal control group of 10 was composed of students receiving average ratings. All three groups received nine trials of writing. Only the experimental group received relaxation training during each trial. The handwriting of the experimental group improved significantly while that of the no-treatment control group remained the same. Although the handwriting of the normal control group also improved significantly, at posttest they were no longer significantly different from the experimental group.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Effect of eating liquorice on the renin-angiotensin aldosterone axis in normal subjects.

The effect of confectionery liquorice on electrolyte status and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) axis was studied in 14 healthy volunteers. They ate liquorice in daily doses of 100 g or 200 g (equivalent to 0-7-1-4 g glycyrrhizinic acid) for one to four weeks. Plasma potassium concentrations fell by over 0-3 mmol/l in 11 people, including four who had to be withdrawn from the study because of hypokalaemia. One or more values of the RAA axis, especially plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone concentrations, were considerably depressed in all subjects. These results show that potentially serious metabolic effects may occur in some people who eat modest amounts of liquorice daily for less than a week.

Adult↗