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Biomedical subjects

H Iso

Publications and source records attributed to H Iso.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Accuracy of death certificate diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage and nonhemorrhagic stroke. The Minnesota Heart Survey.

The validity of death certificate diagnosis of stroke and its type as the underlying cause of death was investigated in a sample of in-hospital deaths of possible stroke cases from the Minnesota Heart Survey. The 228 in-hospital deaths in 1970 and the 180 deaths in 1980 had a stroke diagnosis either on hospital discharge records or as the underlying cause of death on the death certificate. Relative to a standardized physician diagnosis, positive predictive values for the death certificate diagnosis in 1970 were 96% for all types of stroke, 59% for intracranial hemorrhage, and 87% for nonhemorrhagic stroke. The respective values in 1980 were 100%, 82%, and 97%. An increase in positive predictive values, particularly for intracranial hemorrhage between 1970 and 1980, was attributed to the increased use of computerized tomography. Sensitivity for the death certificate diagnosis in 1970 was 63% for all types of stroke, 66% for intracranial hemorrhage, and 45% for nonhemorrhagic stroke. The respective sensitivities in 1980 were 70%, 76%, and 58%. The lower sensitivity for nonhemorrhagic stroke as compared with hemorrhagic stroke was due in part to 1) frequent reporting of nonhemorrhagic stroke as a contributing cause of death rather than the underlying cause of death and 2) time from stroke onset to death. Specificity among these possible strokes was high in both years. The low sensitivity of death certificate diagnosis of stroke may reduce estimated relative risks in epidemiologic studies. Nevertheless, since the advent of widespread use of computerized tomography, a death certificate diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage versus nonhemorrhagic stroke appears to be sufficiently accurate for use in epidemiologic studies of stroke etiology.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Trends for coronary heart disease and its risk factors in Japan: epidemiologic and pathologic studies.

Epidemiologic and pathologic studies were conducted between 1965 and 1986 to investigate trends for the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and its risk factors in urban and rural populations and to relate the risk factor changes to trends for CHD incidence and pathologic findings. The epidemiologic study included men aged 40-59 years who urban residents of Osaka, clerical and manual workers in Osaka, and rural residents of Akita prefecture. The pathologic study subjects were autopsied men aged 30 and over, admitted to a local hospital in Akita, whose autopsy rate was 88%. From a cohort of 8,835 urban employees between 1975 and 1987, risk factors for myocardial infarction were identified: blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, blood glucose and cigarette smoking all which were compatible with findings in the US and European countries. For rural residents, serum cholesterol was less likely to be associated with the CHD incidence. Little contribution of serum cholesterol to development of coronary heart disease in rural men was supported by the pathologic study showing no significant association between serum cholesterol and the coronary atherosclerosis. Myocardial infarction from urban patients was characterized as massive necrosis in the myocardium with coronary artery stenosis and minimum atherosclerosis of basal cerebral arteries while that from rural men was small scattered necrosis in myocardium with atherosclerosis in both coronary and basal cerebral arteries. There was an increasing trend in the incidence of myocardial infarction in urban men but no change in rural men. The difference in the incidence trend can be attributed in part to differences in pathologic etiology and in blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. Systematic surveillance is underway in both urban and rural population to clarify future trends for coronary heart disease and its risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The development of theories of avoidance learning and its application to behavioral pharmacology].

How the development of theories changed the definition of avoidance behavior was discussed. Three major theories of avoidance learning; the two-process theory, the species-specific defense reactions hypothesis, and the cognitive expectancy theory were reviewed. Very few innovations were brought to the experimental apparatuses and procedures by which these theories were tested. The paradigms have been applied without any theoretical considerations. Therefore, I claim here that the modification or renewal of experimental paradigms will be needed to make suitable animal models for psychopharmacology.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial.

We examined the relation between the serum total cholesterol level and the risk of death from stroke during six years of follow-up in 350,977 men, 35 to 57 years of age, who had no history of heart attack and were not currently being treated for diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis of stroke and the type of stroke were obtained from death certificates. Using proportional-hazards regression to control for age, cigarette smoking, diastolic blood pressure, and race or ethnic group, we found that the six-year risk of death from intracranial hemorrhage (International Classification of Diseases, ninth edition [ICD-9], categories 431 and 432) was three times higher in men with serum cholesterol levels under 4.14 mmol per liter (160 mg per deciliter) than in those with higher cholesterol levels (P = 0.05 by omnibus test across five cholesterol levels). On the other hand, a positive association was observed between the serum cholesterol level and death from nonhemorrhagic stroke (P = 0.007). The inverse association of the serum cholesterol level with the risk of death from intracranial hemorrhage was confined to men with diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg, in whom death from intracranial hemorrhage is relatively common. We conclude that there is an inverse relation between the serum cholesterol level and the risk of death from hemorrhagic stroke in middle-aged American men, but that its public health impact is overwhelmed by the positive association of higher serum cholesterol levels with death from nonhemorrhagic stroke and total cardiovascular disease (ICD-9 categories 390 through 459).

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Serum fatty acids and fish intake in rural Japanese, urban Japanese, Japanese American and Caucasian American men.

To examine the relationship of fish intake with serum fatty acids cross-culturally, we surveyed a total of 136 men aged 34 to 55 years in four different populations: rural Japanese (RJ), urban Japanese (UJ), Japanese Americans (JA), and Caucasian Americans (CA). Mean levels of estimated total fish intake per day were 124.9 g in RJ, 70.8 g in UJ, 45.7 g in JA, and 32.3 g in CA. The percentage of total serum fatty acids contributed by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in these populations was 11.8% in RJ, 9.0% in UJ, 3.4% in JA and 2.5% in CA. Means of omega-3 fatty acids and intake of fish were correlated at the population level; this relationship was strongest when intake of dark-meat fish was considered (n = 4, r = 0.979, p = 0.02). Within each population, except for UJ, individual omega-3 fatty acid levels and dark-meat fish intake were significantly associated (p less than 0.05). A 20 g increase in dark-meat fish consumption was associated with an estimated relative increase in omega-3 fatty acid content of serum by 0.76% in RJ, 0.75% in UJ, 0.64% in JA, and 0.22% in CA. The association between fish intake and serum omega-3 fatty acids at the individual level was not explained by other coronary risk factors. Mortality from coronary heart disease is much lower in Japan than in the US. Population differences in fish intake and serum omega-3 fatty acid levels may contribute to the population difference in the risk of coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Hemostatic variables in Japanese and Caucasian men. Plasma fibrinogen, factor VIIc, factor VIIIc, and von Willebrand factor and their relations to cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Mortality rates of coronary heart disease are much lower and hemorrhagic stroke rates are higher in Japanese than in Caucasians. To investigate whether population differences in plasma concentrations of coagulation factors are consistent with these mortality differences, the authors examined, in 1987, a total of 136 men aged 34-55 years in four different samples: rural Japanese living in Akita, Japan; urban Japanese living in Osaka, Japan; and Japanese Americans and Caucasian Americans living in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota. The mean plasma fibrinogen level in Caucasians was 290 mg/dl, which was significantly higher than that in each of the Japanese samples (223-250 mg/dl; test for difference: p less than 0.001). The mean coagulation activities of factor VII and factor VIII (factor VIIc and factor VIIIc) were higher in Caucasian and Japanese Americans than in rural and urban Japanese (p less than 0.01 for factor VIIc and p = 0.03 for factor VIIIc). von Willebrand factor did not differ significantly across the populations. The relations of these coagulation factors with other cardiovascular risk factors (age, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake) were also examined. Mean plasma fibrinogen was consistently higher in current smokers than in nonsmokers within each sample. Factor VIIc and factor VIIIc levels were positively associated with serum total cholesterol and serum triglyceride. No consistent associations were seen between von Willebrand factor and cardiovascular risk factors. After the authors controlled for these covariates, mean fibrinogen and factor VIIc levels remained significantly different, but factor VIIIc levels did not. Different levels of coagulation factors across these samples are probably attributable to differences in environmental factors, especially diet, as well as genetic differences between Caucasians and Japanese. Furthermore, the differences in plasma fibrinogen and factor VIIc levels may explain part of the difference in mortality from cardiovascular disease across these populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Trends for coronary heart disease and stroke and their risk factors in Japan.

Disease surveillance and population surveys of risk characteristics in a northeast rural community of Japan (1965 census population, 7,030) are combined in an attempt to relate morbidity and risk factor trends for coronary heart disease and stroke during the last 2 decades. Between 1964 and 1983, the incidence of coronary heart disease (i.e., combined myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and sudden death) did not change significantly among men and women ages 40-69, and was lower than that for stroke. The incidence of all stroke declined about 60% for both men and women, ages 40-69, with a significant decrease in cerebral hemorrhage for both sexes and in cerebral infarction for men. Between 1963-1966 and 1980-1983, significant upward shifts occurred in the means and distributions of serum total cholesterol and serum total protein in every age and sex group, primarily during the 1st decade. Age-adjusted mean cholesterol levels rose 22 mg/dl to the 1980-1983 mean of 179 mg/dl in men ages 40-69. In women ages 40-69, the mean rose 29 mg/dl to 192 mg/dl. Among nutrients, animal fat intake doubled in men ages 40-59 from 4.5% of daily calories in 1969 to 9.6% in 1980-1983. Animal protein intake also increased, from 5.8% to 7.1%. Most of this increase occurred between 1969 and 1972-1975 and may be attributable to an increased intake of meat, eggs and dairy products. From 1963-1966 to 1980-1983, mean relative weight index rose significantly for all age-sex groups except men ages 50-69. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels declined for every age-sex group, with a 15-mm Hg age-adjusted decrease in systolic, 4-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure among men ages 40-69, and a 11-mm Hg systolic and 4-mm Hg diastolic decrease for women. Two cohorts of men and women ages 40-69 at baseline were followed for disease incidence: an early cohort (2,257 persons) followed from 1963-1966 to 1973 and a later cohort (2,711 persons) followed from 1972-1975 to 1983. In these cohorts, significant risk prediction for cerebral hemorrhage and infarction was obtained with blood pressure level and end organ effects in the electrocardiogram and fundus photographs. Serum cholesterol was inversely associated with cerebral hemorrhage in the early cohort but not in the later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Diagnosis of Fasciola sp. infections in cattle by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for diagnosis of experimental or naturally occurring Fasciola sp. infections in cattle. The positive rate for the ELISA in calves inoculated with Fasciola metacercariae were 21.1% by 2 weeks postinoculation (PI), 94.6% by 4 weeks PI and 100% by 6-21 weeks PI. The positive rate for the immunodiffusion test (Ouchterlony test) reached 91.7% by 2 weeks PI, however, it dropped to 77.8% by 10 weeks PI. The positive rate for the fecal egg examination was 0% by 10 weeks PI, 77.8% by 12 weeks PI and 100% by 14-21 weeks PI. The practical application of ELISA was tested by using 165 cows raised under field condition. All the 24 cows that were positive both in the fecal egg examination and the Ouchterlony test were ELISA positive. Of the 6 cows that were egg positive and Ouchterlony negative, 5 showed ELISA positive reactions. Of the 27 cows that were egg negative and Ouchterlony positive, 24 were ELISA positive. Of the 108 cows that were egg negative and Ouchterlony negative, 90 were ELISA negative. However, the other 18 cows had ELISA positive reactions. Our results suggested that the ELISA using crude adult antigen was superior to the Ouchterlony test and fecal egg examination for diagnosis of experimental or naturally occurring Fasciola sp. infections in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Is early natural menopause a biologic marker of health and aging?

The relation between age at natural menopause and all-cause mortality was investigated in a sample of 5,287 White women, ages 55 to 100 years, naturally-postmenopausal, Seventh-day Adventists who had completed mailed questionnaires in 1976. The age-adjusted odds ratio of death during 1976-82 in women with natural menopause before age 40 was 1.95 (95% confidence interval = 1.24, 3.07), compared to the reference group of women reporting natural menopause at ages 50 to 54. Corresponding odds ratios of death were 1.39 (95% CI = 1.06, 1.81) for natural menopause at ages 40 to 44, and 1.03 (95% CI = 0.84, 1.25) for natural menopause at ages 45 to 49. Among 3,166 White, 55- to 100-year-old, surgically-postmenopausal, Adventist women, there was no relation between age at surgical menopause and mortality. Logistic regression analyses indicated that findings from this study were apparently not due to confounding by smoking, over- or underweight, reproductive history, or replacement estrogen use.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Use of aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular disease--1981-82 to 1985-86: the Minnesota Heart Survey.

The efficacy of aspirin to prevent ischemic cardiovascular disease has received considerable attention recently. To determine the prevalence of aspirin use for cardiovascular disease prevention, the Minnesota Heart Survey examined population-based samples of Twin Cities' adults in 1981 to 82 and 1985 to 86. Over the 4-year period, reported use of aspirin for cardiovascular disease prophylaxis increased from 0.6% to 2.4% in women (p less than 0.05) and from 1.7% to 3.3% in men (p = 0.10). Prophylactic aspirin use was more common in older than in younger adults, in whites than in blacks, in those with a history of cardiovascular disease or hypercholesterolemia, and in health professionals and nonsmokers. Some individuals were apparently taking aspirin for "primary" prevention, although it has not yet been approved for that reason. Use of aspirin for cardiovascular disease prevention has been increasing and is likely to increase more rapidly over the next few years. This could favorably impact on mortality rates of cardiovascular disease, but untoward side effects of aspirin may be expected to increase as well.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Running-wheel avoidance learning in rats (Rattus norvegicus): effects of contingencies and comparisons of different strains.

In Experiment 1, we showed that active- and passive-avoidance responding in a running wheel was learned because of the avoidance contingency. In Experiment 2, strain differences among four commercially bred rats were assessed in an active-avoidance paradigm. Wistar, Donryu, and Fischer rats learned faster than Sprague-Dawleys. In Experiment 3, learning in a multiple active/passive avoidance schedule was examined, and both components of this task were learned. This multiple schedule was used to investigate strain differences in selectively bred rats in Experiments 4 and 5. Tsukuba low-emotional (TLE) rats responded more than Tsukuba high-emotional (THE) rats in both components. However, discrimination of passive components was better in THE than in TLE rats. Syracuse high-avoidance rats were superior in the active component, whereas Syracuse low-avoidance rats showed superior performance in the passive component.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Voluntary ethanol consumption in the absence of hunger and thirst drives.

Voluntary ethanol consumption in Wistar rats was examined in a choice situation between water and ethanol. In each session continuing over 5 days, ethanol at five different concentrations from 2.5 to 45% (v/v) and water were given as reinforcers for FR-30 lever-press responses during 12-h light and 12-h dark periods with food available. The results indicated that rats preferred 2.5-5% ethanol to water, but water to 30 or 45% ethanol. Daily net ethanol consumption per kg body weight increased monotonically as a function of its concentration and reached a mean value of 9.08 g/kg at 45%. Rats drank most of the ethanol and water during the dark period, despite the large amount of ethanol intake occurring at that time.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1984

Temporal changes in avoidance learning in physically alcohol-dependent rats following withdrawal.

The effects of post withdrawal periods over a range of 0 to 48 hours on avoidance learning in physically alcohol-dependent rats were examined in a shuttle-box situation. Liquid diet containing 5% ethyl alcohol was withdrawn after 15 days. The severity of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome in rats changed with time elapsed after withdrawal. Severe withdrawal syndrome such as increase in failure to escape from shock due to convulsion, increase in intertrial responses due to hyperactivity, and death appeared when the test was started 4.5 hours after withdrawal. On the other hand, avoidance learning was reduced almost zero within 24 hours, but it recovered to a normal level 48 hours after withdrawal of alcohol.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in rats during avoidance training].

The alcohol withdrawal syndrome in rats was investigated in the open-field and during escape/avoidance training. Ten male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. Both groups were fed only with a liquid diet for one month. However, the diet for group E contained 5% (w/w) ethanol. The mean ethanol consumption of group E was 15.77 g/kg/day. Both groups steadily gained body weight. After withdrawal of alcohol in group E, their behaviors were examined by two types of tests successively in comparison with group C. Group E exhibited higher activities in the open-field but some animals presented handling-induced convulsion. The escape/avoidance training subsequently performed induced more conspicuous manifestations of withdrawal syndrome. These were objectively categorized into the following three behavior characteristics. Failure to escape from shock due to convulsion and seizures. Increase in intertrial responses due to hyperactivity. Death during the training session. This procedure is expected to be widely applicable to similar studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Lever press responding as a measure of ethanol preference in rats.

Preference for ethanol in rats, overcoming the problem of a position habit, was assessed in a one-lever and two-liquid chamber. Performance in lever pressing for ethanol of different concentrations (2.5%, 5.0%, and 15.0%) and for water, as well as the amount of liquid intake, were recorded. Evidence of ethanol preference was observed by both the lever press and consumption measures when the concentration was 2.5%. Water preference was evident at higher concentrations. The present method proved to be a useful method for studying ethanol preference in rats.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A low prevalence of coronary heart disease among subjects with increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, including those with plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Use of genetic analysis may improve the predictive value of risk factors for disease. A high plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a strong negative risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency causes increased levels of HDL cholesterol. However, recent studies suggest that CETP deficiency is a risk factor for CHD despite elevated HDL cholesterol levels. METHODS: Plasma lipid levels, CHD prevalence, resting electrocardiograms, and common CETP gene mutations were analyzed cross-sectionally in a population of 19,044 male and 29,487 female Japanese subjects (ages 45-79 years). RESULTS: High HDL cholesterol levels (serum HDL cholesterol >/=80 mg/dl, >/=95th percentile) were found in 6 and 5% of Japanese men and women, respectively. In the group with HDL cholesterol >/=80 mg/dl, common CETP gene mutations were identified in 23-24% of men and 31-49% of women. The prevalence of CHD in the group with high HDL cholesterol (>/=80 mg/dl) was low among both men (1.0%) and women (1.3%). There was no difference in CHD prevalence between hyper-HDL-cholesterolemic subjects with and without CETP mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with very high HDL levels (HDL cholesterol >/=80 mg/dl) as well as mild-to-moderate HDL elevations (60-79 mg/dl) appear to be protected against CHD, whether or not they have CETP deficiency, a genetic cause of elevated HDL.

Adult↗