Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to H J Baltrusch.
The synthesis of L-ascorbyl 4-aryl-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates was not successful using various modifications. The strategies are shown and 7 new L-ascorbic acid derivatives are synthesized, including the dispiro compound 14.
Bis(2-cyanoethyl) 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (3) reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to yield the 1-hydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid 7 and the 9-hydroxy-beta-carboline-4-carboxylic acid 13. The structures of 7 and 13 were elucidated by derivatization and by spectroscopic methods. Bis(2-cyanoethyl) 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrosophenyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (22) obtained by irradiation of 3 reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give the cyclic hydroxamic acid 23 whose structure is proven by an independent synthesis.
The 3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine(DHP)-dicarboxylate 5 reacts with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) by elimination of the tert-butylester group yielding the 1,4-DHP 6. Irradiation of 6 by UV-A-light affords the corresponding pyridine 7 and the cyclic hydroxamic acid 10. The 2-cyanoethyl-1,4-DHP-carboxylate 13, obtained from the 3-tert-butyl-5-(2-cyanoethyl)-1,4-DHP-dicarboxylate 12 by treating with TFA, reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give the title compound 3.
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Research in biobehavioral oncology has been focused on stress as one dispositional factor in the multifactorial origin and in the clinical progression of malignant disease. New insights into the transduction of environmental influences to the immune system and to other body systems by the brain and neurotransmitters have increased the salience of this approach. Behavioral medicine in the area of cardiovascular disease has been successful due to the introduction of a "Type A" or coronary prone behavior pattern in large epidemiologic studies. This pattern is marked by both psychologic and physiologic hyperresponsiveness. Type A persons appear to be hostile, easily angered, competitive and hard-driving. More recently, behavioral oncologists have similarly attempted at conceptualizing a "Type C" or biopsychosocial cancer risk pattern, as they have noted the denial and suppression of emotions, in particular anger. Other features of this pattern are "pathological niceness", avoidance of conflicts, exaggerated social desirability, harmonizing behavior, over-compliance, over-patience, as well as high rationality and a rigid control of emotional expression ("anti-emotionality"). This pattern, usually concealed behind a facade of pleasantness, appears to be effective as long as environmental and psychological homeostasis is maintained, but collapses in the course of time under the impact of accumulated strains and stressors, especially those evoking feelings of depression and reactions of helplessness and hopelessness. As a prominent feature of this particular coping style, excessive denial, avoidance, suppression and repression of emotions and own basic needs appears to weaken the organism's natural resistance to carcinogenic influences. This may mean that the excessive use of denial and suppression/repression has important psychophysiologic effects linked to tumor biology and host-defense. Recent studies reveal that psychosocial stressors which are met by inadequate and repressive coping styles are associated with changes in immunocompetence, including both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Relationships between different immune parameters (natural killer cell activity, lymphocytes, serotonin uptake, mean platelet volume) and mood states, psychological coping styles and personality variables are outlined. Recent findings indicate also that in certain malignancies (eg. breast cancer) the clinical course of the disease is influenced by psychosocial factors and coping style, as well as that the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis is influenced by the type and duration of a given stressor. Individuals with a more favorable outcome have higher fighting spirit, a greater potential for aggression and lesser suppressive tendencies. Psychological intervention in cancer patients in its different forms and within the frame of the over-all treatment has now become a matter of scientific discussion and research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Malignant neoplasm should not be viewed as a 'psychogenic' nor as a 'primarily organic' disease but as an interaction of various forces, in which psychosocial factors may play an important role. To understand the increase in neoplastic disease, which has taken place in this century, requires a theoretical framework including social, psychosocial and behavioural dimensions, as well as the endocrine and immunologic mechanisms acting as pathogenic pathways. Recent theoretical developments in health psychology and allied disciplines on coping behaviour and social support should be integrated into biomedical models of the aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical course of malignant neoplasia. Environmental stressors, as well as mediating variables at the cognitive, affective, behavioural and physiological levels of adaptation, are suggested as major components of a model of multidimensional pathology. A growing body of research on the role of psychosocial factors in adjustment to cancer and its treatment has contributed new insights into possible variables and causal mechanisms which may be relevant in the aetiology of the disease. Closeness to parents in childhood and the ability to form close interpersonal relationships in later adult life very possibly influence the ability of the individual to cope effectively with environmental stressors prior to neoplastic disease and with the considerable stresses of being a cancer patient subsequent to diagnosis and treatment. Pathogenic pathways for future investigation include mental health variables, such as self-esteem and sense of control, at the psychological level and immunity surveillance at the biological. An integration and cross-fertilization of current work in the aetiology of and adjustment to cancer is suggested linking psychosomatic and somatopsychic models.
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