Bilateral prolapse of the deep gland of the third eyelid in a rabbit: diagnosis and treatment.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
H Lauwers
Publications and source records attributed to H Lauwers.
Ageing Arab horses by their dentition.
The dentition of 170 Arab horses of known ages was examined and compared with the dental characteristics of trotter horses and Belgian draft horses of the same ages. The results indicated that inaccuracies in the determination of the age of horses by their dentition may result, at least partly, from differences between the breeds of horse involved because there were some major differences between the three breeds examined. These differences increased as the horses' true age increased. In general, the rate of dental wear was slower in the Arab horses than in trotter horses and Belgian draft horses.
Age Determination by Teeth↗
Histological study of the innervation of the suspensory ligament of the forelimb of the horse.
The innervation pattern of the interosseus muscle of the forelimb was studied in two ponies and two horses. The nerves of the suspensory ligament were studied histologically after neurectomy of the ulnar and median nerve branches proximal to the carpal joint. The results demonstrated that the interosseus muscle is innervated by the deep branch of the lateral palmar nerve which emerges at the level of the midcarpal region and contains fibres from the ulnar and the median nerve. These findings provide evidence that an ulnar nerve block proximal to the accessory bone would fail to anaesthetise the entire suspensory ligament.
Anesthesia↗
Ageing draft and trotter horses by their dentition.
The accuracy of ageing horses by their dentition was assessed by comparing the dental features with the known dates of birth of 212 trotter horses and 189 Belgian draft horses. The horses ranged in age from two to 25 years. In both breeds it was observed that the shedding of the incisors and the appearance of the dental stars were the most reliable features for age determination. In young animals, the dental configuration was similar in both breeds. With increasing age the incisor teeth of draft horses were more liable to abrasion than those of trotter horses. The sequential changes in appearance of the permanent incisors occurred earlier in draft horses than in trotters.
Age Determination by Teeth↗
Preferential sites for arterial blood sampling in cattle.
The aim of this study was to compare the feasibility and reliability of different methods for obtaining samples of arterial blood from calves and adult dairy cows. The intermediate branch of the caudal auricular artery was easy to use in animals of all ages. The common carotid artery was also suitable, but only in standing animals. In recumbent animals, the brachial artery and the common palmar digital artery were suitable in calves up to six months old, and the saphenous artery was suitable in both young and adult cattle. The facial, axillary and median caudal arteries were either difficult to use or unreliable.
Animals↗
Ageing horses by an examination of their incisor teeth: an (im)possible task?
It is generally considered that the age of a horse can be determined by examining its incisor teeth. However, the criteria used to determine age from dental configurations differ widely. The existence of this variety of rules and guidelines was the challenge for the present examination. Detailed descriptions of the incisor teeth of 212 horses of registered age were recorded and the results were compared with the age criteria of various authors. The time at which teeth were shed and the appearance of dental stars seemed to be more reliable features than the disappearance of the cups. The disappearance of the marks occurred four years later than usually stated. Other criteria, such as the presence of the seven-year notch and Galvayne's groove, were too variable and inconsistent to be reliable for the determination of age.
Age Determination by Teeth↗
Anatomy of the ocular arteries in the horse.
Orbital and intrabulbar arteries were studied in 20 equine eyes by means of latex injections and methylmethacrylate casts. The orbital branches of the external ophthalmic artery arise far caudal to the posterior pole of the eyeball and present a variable topographic arrangement. The intrabulbar arteries are supplied by ciliary and choroidoretinal arteries. Dependent on their entrance into the eyeball, the ciliary arteries are subdivided into a posterior and an anterior group. The posterior ciliary arteries perforate the sclera post equatorially and consist of 4 major vessels that penetrate in the lateral, medial, dorsal and ventral meridian of the eyeball, respectively. The lateral and medial of these arteries follow a long intrabulbar trajectory after having supplied several short posterior ciliary arteries to the choroid. The anterior ciliary arteries consist of a dorsal and a ventral vessel which penetrate the eyeball in the pericorneal area. The choroidoretinal arteries form an arterial network around the optic nerve at the posterior pole of the eyeball. They give rise to all retinal arterioles and some peridiscal choroidal branches. The larger part of the choroid is supplied by branches of the posterior ciliary arteries. Additionally, the anterior choroid receives recurrent branches from an arterial circle that lies externally in the ciliary ring. The iris contains a major arterial circle formed by the lateral and medial long posterior ciliary arteries and both anterior ciliary arteries. A minor iridic arterial circle nor central retinal artery could be found in the equine eyes examined.
Animals↗
Comparative morphology of the pectinate ligaments of domestic mammals, as observed under the dissecting microscope and the scanning electron microscope.
The pectinate ligaments of ten horses, two donkeys, five oxen, five sheep, ten goats, five dogs, five cats, thirty pigs and two rabbits were studied under the stereomicroscope and the scanning electron microscope. In the horse and the donkey, the pectinate ligament was very prominent and was characterized by sturdy interconnected strands and relatively small intertrabecular spaces. The pectinate ligaments of ruminants were composed of shorter strands, separated by relatively larger spaces. Fusion between adjacent strands, resulting in the formation of fenestrated sheets, was regularly observed in these species, in particular in the superior and inferior ocular segments. In the dog and the cat, the pectinate ligament consisted of slender strands that were separated by large intertrabecular spaces. The strands of the pectinate ligaments of the pig and the rabbit were shorter and their diameters were intermediate between those of the herbivores and the carnivores. The clinical relevance of the normal variability in the structure of the pectinate ligament and proposals for a uniform anatomical nomenclature are discussed.
Animals↗
Development of the retinal circulation in the pig.
Retinal angiogenesis was studied in 300 eyes of 150 porcine fetuses by means of semithin histologic sections and vascular corrosion casts. In the embryonic and early fetal period, the retina is avascular and nourished via diffusion from the choriocapillaris and the vascular tunic of the lens. The development of the inner vascular plexus of the retina occurs in three different stages. In the first stage (angioblast phase), during gestational weeks 6-7, mesenchymal precursor cells arising from the arterial and venous circle around the optic nerve invade the nerve fiber layer of the retina via the otic disc border. They form a network of angioblasts that gives rise to an immature capillary network in the second stage (angiogenesis phase). This vascular monolayer is located within the nerve fiber layer and reaches the ora serrata around gestational weeks 9-10. Initially, the immature retinal capillaries have an irregular appearance with wide lumina and relatively small intercapillary meshes. Subsequently, the lumina become smaller by involution and atrophy. In the third stage (maturation and remodeling phase) the immature blood vessels differentiate into retinal arterioles, capillaries and venules. From gestational week 11 onwards, the larger retinal arterioles are surrounded by a distinct periarteriolar capillary-free zone. The three stages start at the optic disc and extend centrifugally towards the retinal periphery. The development of the outer vascular plexus is essentially different from the angiogenesis of the inner vascular plexus. The outer retinal vessels that are located in the inner nuclear layer arise from previously developed capillaries and venules located in the inner vascular plexus. Moreover, the development of the outer vascular plexus starts at the macula and proceeds along with the maturation of the neural retina.
Animals↗
Jugular vein wall repair after intravenous injection in equids.
The evolution of the healing process of venous puncture wounds was studied macroscopically and light-microscopically in order to determine the time of venipuncture. Seven small equids of various ages, all in normal healthy condition, were experimentally injected in the external jugular vein with a physiological Hartmann solution at different times before euthanasia. Two types of needle diameters i.e. 16.5 G and 19 G, were used. A fairly good uniformity in the healing process was seen in the 7 animals. In most cases the lesions induced within 5 weeks before death were macroscopically visible, whereas older perforation sites became indistinct. Light-microscopic study enabled determination of the time lapse after intravenous injection. The needle diameter seemed hereby relatively unimportant. Points of reference were endothelium repair, presence of a fibrin plug containing red and white blood cells, neovascularization and healing of the connective tissue fibers.
Animals↗
Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum in Pekingese dogs.
The size and shape of the foramen magnum were studied in skulls from 75 adult and 5 juvenile Pekingese dogs. After maceration of the skulls, the height, width, and area of each foramen magnum were measured, and various skull indices were determined. The shape of the foramen varied from ovoid to rectangular and had a dorsal notch in all but 2 skulls. Prolapse of cerebellum or brain stem through the enlarged opening was prevented by a fibrous membrane covering the dorsal notch. Mean +/- SD area of the foramen was 138.1 +/- 26.1 mm2; its mean total height was 15.0 +/- 2.9 mm, and its mean maximal width was 13.3 +/- 1.1 mm. Statistically, variability in the area of the foramen was mainly correlated with total height of the foramen, including the dorsal notch. Total height of the foramen was not correlated with age or gender. The degree of dysplasia, notch index, and occipital index of each foramen magnum were determined. To allow a more accurate evaluation of the morphology of the foramen, the foramen magnum index, defined as the ratio between the maximal width and the total height of the foramen, was also computed. Mean +/- SD foramen magnum index was 91.8 +/- 17.1 in the adult Pekingese dogs. Foramen magnum index was not significantly correlated with age, but was significantly larger in male than in female dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Aging↗
The osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome.
The diagnosis of osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome was established by radiological study in two children who were previously diagnosed as having osteogenesis imperfecta. The clinical, radiological and biochemical findings are discussed. The important role of radiology in establishing the diagnosis is stressed.
Adolescent↗
Gastroenteric cyst.
The authors report a rare case of gastroenteric cyst in a 4-day-old baby with increasing cyanosis. CT and MRI demonstrated a posterior mediastinal cystic mass, which finally was characterised by pathology as a gastroenteric cyst.
Cysts↗
Morphologic and clinical study of the retinal circulation in the miniature pig. A: Morphology of the retinal microvasculature.
The microvasculature of the retina was studied in 20 miniature pigs by means of vascular corrosion casts and semithin histological sections. These techniques provided information useful for a better understanding of retinal fluoangiography. Various characteristics of the porcine retinal vessels, which are similar in the human retinal vasculature, were demonstrated in this study: the holangiotic retina, the trilaminar organization of the retinal capillaries and the presence of particular avascular zones, radial peridiscal capillaries and initial annular constrictions of certain arteriolar side-branches. The intrinsic retinal vasculature also shows some dissimilarities between both species. The major retinal blood vessels of the pig lie very superficially in the nerve fibre layer, in contrast to their deeper location in man. The streak-shaped macular area of the pig contains no major vessels but, unlike the central fovea in the human eye, it is not completely avascular. Another interesting finding is the presence of a large anterior border venule in the porcine retina.
Animals↗
Morphologic and clinical study of the retinal circulation in the miniature pig. B: Fluorescein angiography of the retina.
The retinal blood circulation was examined in 20 porcine eyes by studying fluoangiograms before and after occlusion of the temporal choroidal circulation. The use of a small intravenous bolus of 2.5 ml fluorescein provided high-resolution angiograms with detailed information of the retinal vascular bed. The lobular filling pattern of the choriocapillaris very closely resembles the human pattern. The intrinsic retinal vasculature of the miniature pig also has numerous characteristics in common with the human retina with regard to the extent of the vascular bed, the size of the blood vessels and the presence of radial peridiscal capillaries. Unlike the central fovea in the human eye, the porcine retina has a streak-like macular area which extends both temporally and nasally and which, although it is free of major blood vessels, is not completely avascular. This fluoangiographic study substantiates the results of the accompanying paper. It may be concluded that the miniature pig is a suitable experimental animal for applied research on the retinal vasculature.
Animals↗
Morphological study of the development of the disseminate prostate in intact and castrated male pigs aged two to six months.
The light-microscopical and ultrastructural differentiation of the disseminate prostate was studied in 12 boars and 8 barrows, ranging in age from 8 to 28 and 12 to 27 weeks, respectively. The barrows had been castrated at the age of 8 weeks. In young boars the prostate is organized in an inner zone and an outer zone. The glandular tubules of the latter are more differentiated than those in the inner zone. Sexual maturation in the prostate is characterized by almost complete reduction of the inner zone and concomitant enlargement of the outer zone. This differentiation of the inner zone occurs progressively and is manifested by a higher density of the glandular tubules, by a decrease in the number of basal cells and by an increase in the secretory tubular cells containing more microvilli, organelles and secretory vesicles. A few weeks after castration, the characteristic morphology of the undifferentiated inner zone is found throughout the entire glandular layer. The number of glandular tubules in barrows has decreased, and their cells show minimal secretory activity, nuclear indentations and a decrease in their organelles. A further castration effect is vacuolization of the perinuclear cytoplasm in numerous glandular cells.
Animals↗
Comparative efficacy of closantel and triclabendazole against Fasciola hepatica in experimentally infected sheep.
The effect of closantel (10 mg/kg orally) and triclabendazole (10 mg/kg orally) on the reappearance of a patent infection of Fasciola hepatica was studied in experimentally infected sheep. The treatments resulted in the interruption of faecal egg output for 11 weeks with triclabendazole and 13 weeks with closantel. Necropsy of untreated control animals revealed a mean burden of 360 flukes with a mean (+/- se) surface area of 171 +/- 64.3 mm2, whereas the fluke burdens in the closantel and triclabendazole-treated animals 14 weeks after treatment were 61 (83 per cent reduction) and 21 (94 per cent reduction), respectively. The surface areas of the flukes in the triclabendazole-group were comparable with the untreated controls (141 +/- 51.8 mm2), but the flukes in the closantel group were markedly smaller (43.1 +/- 26.9 mm2). It is concluded that closantel has, in epidemiological terms, a potency comparable with that of triclabendazole, despite its slightly lower efficacy against the very immature stages.
Animals↗
[Total hip surgery and patient information].
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Hip Prosthesis↗