[Hospital hygiene. New construction management requirements in the area of surgery and intensive care medicine].
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Cross Infection↗
Biomedical subjects
H Martiny
Publications and source records attributed to H Martiny.
[Use of UV rays for the disinfection of water. III. UV sensitivity of Legionella pneumophila of different ages in cold and warm drinking water].
In drinking water the sensitivity of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 type Philadelphia and L. pneumophila serogroup 5 type Dallas were studied with a flowthrough u.v. light treatment apparatus. By washing purified cells from broth cultures were used as inoculum directly ( = young cultures) or kept 2-3 weeks in drinking water in the dark ( = old cultures). A decrease of 99,9999% was found after u.v. treatment by 19 mWs/cm2 for young cultures and by 15 mWs/cm2 for old cultures. Reductions of 99,9999% were obtained by 16 mWs/cm2 in cold drinking water (13-16 degrees C) and by 13 mWs/cm2 in warm drinking water (45-47 degrees C). L. pneumophila serogroup 1 and L. pneumophila serogroup 5 show a very similar susceptibility to u.v.-irradiation. Reductions of 99,9999% were obtained by 14 mWs/cm2 and 15 mWs/cm2, respectively. Thus L. pneumophila-suspensions proved to be more sensitive to u.v.-irradiation than E. coli oder E. faecium in earlier experiments.
Age Factors↗
[The use of UV rays for the disinfection of water. I. Microbiologic studies of drinking water].
As a physical disinfection method without chemicals required the ultraviolet irradiation was tested for disinfection of drinking water. The survival was measured as a function of exposure to radiation for S. enteritidis, E. cloacae, C. freundii, S. marcescens, E. coli, K. pneumoniae und S. faecium. The bacteria were grown in trypton soya broth until they were well into the exponential phase. Two different UV-disinfection units were tested. Both consist of cylindrical shaped chambers with one low-pressure mercury-discharge lamp with their longitudinal axis parallel to the chambers. With 10(6) cfu/ml the experiments were done with three different rates of flow of 7,2 m3/h, 4,0 m3/h and 2,0 m3/h. The minimum exposures to radiation necessary to cause a 99.999% reduction were 10-86 mWs/cm2 depending on the test bacterium and on the UV-disinfection unit. The minimum doses ranged for S. enteritidis up to 13 mWs/cm2, for E. coli up to 21 mWs/cm2, for K. pneumoniae up to 39 mWs/cm2, for S. faecium up to 42 mWs/cm2, for E. cloacae up to 43 mWs/cm2, for C. freundii up to 72 mWs/cm2, and for S. marcescens up to 86 mWs/cm2.
Bacteria↗
[Use of UV rays for the disinfection of water. II. Microbiological studies of surface water].
Untreated surface water of a total bacterial count of approximately 10(4) cfu/ml was contaminated additionally with suspensions of E. coli and S. faecium, which contained about 10(6) cfu/ml. At flow rates of 7.2 m3/h, 4.0 m3/h and 2.0 m3/h the survival of bacteria as a function of exposure to radiation was measured with two different U.V.-disinfection units. In surface water, -without an additional contamination -minimum doses of radiation up to 74 mWs/cm2 were necessary to cause a reduction of 99.99% for total bacterial counts and counts of lactose-positive colonies. When suspensions of E. coli or S. faecium were added, a reduction of 99.99% for total bacterial count was attainable with minimum doses up to 71 mWs/cm2. To reduce the number of lactose-positive colonies or the number of D-streptococci to 99.99% a minimum dose up 56 mWs/cm2 or 18 mWs/cm2 was necessary.
Bacteria↗
[An information system for hospital hygiene. III. Exploratory data analysis of the dynamic aspects in the pathogen spectra of patient specimens from two intensive care units at a Berlin university hospital].
For the 18-months period ending June 1986 the computerised database of the institutes of medical microbiology and of hygiene at Berlin Free University showed about 12,200 specimens from 1,236 intensive care patients. In addition to a traditional tabulation of pathogens by site (urine, wound, bronchial secretion and blood) and service (multidisciplinary post-operative, 4,628 isolates and internal medicine, 1,813 isolates) resulting in a time aggregated assessment of the patients at both intensive care units (ICU) the same data were analysed to detect dynamic variations using 3 different approaches: (1) Medians of the sampling time span (STS) from first specimen of the same patient to follow-up specimens were analysed for 8 pathogens. In specimens from the bronchial tract S. aureus, Klebsiella spp., enterococci and P. aeruginosa showed the same sequence of STS-medians at both ICUs. (2) Dynamic modelling of sequential batches of 100 specimens from the bronchial tract using 3RSSH smoothing showed only poor variation in the proportion of E. coli and enterococci, but demonstrated substantial variation in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. (3) The negative exponential model was used to fit frequency distributions of STS data. The model suggests a STS half life of 8 days before the first P. aeruginosa is reported from specimens of the bronchial tract of patients mostly with respirators. Periodical reporting of these indicators provides quantitative reference and enables the clinician to better relate individual information from his patients to the epidemiological outcome of his unit.
Bacteria↗
[Hospital infections: case examples].
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Cross Infection↗
[An information system for hospital hygiene. I. Data acquisition, data bank retrieval and presentation of data].
Aiming at efficient control or prevention of hospital infection it is necessary to provide the clinician immediately with his patient's relevant microbiological data, i.e. relative frequency and susceptibility patterns of species. Therefore an information system for acquisition, on-line storage and retrieval of infection control data was developed together with Institut für Krankenhausausbau of Technische Universität Berlin. The output from the database of microbiological isolates is presented in diagrams for easy evaluation by the clinician and produced either on a graphic color display or on a plotter. The system was developed using a database which was set up retrospectively including about 5000 microbiological isolates from about 1000 intensive care patients of a Berlin university hospital from a period of 18 months. The first communication covers input and output of the data processing system by way of examples. Acquisition of isolates is facilitated at a display terminal using a program to check the data entry and to store the correct data record in a multiple index key oriented file system. Retrieval may be defined either selectively by means of keys, i.e. code of species, specimen or patient entry number or searching across the whole file and for given time periods. One may determine as well to retrieve only data records including test results from selected antibiotics.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[An information system for hospital hygiene. II. Germ spectrum and resistance representation--an example of use in 2 intensive care units].
By examples it is shown, that there are various possibilities to evaluate the 5380 microbiological findings of patients. 87 different species were isolated and out of these the most frequent species were determined (S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, D-streptococci, E. cloacae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa). By different graphical manners of representation it is shown, how often (absolute and relative) this spectrum of germs occurred within selected periods. The most frequent sampling spots were bronchial and tracheal secretion with a part of 45% and belonging to these sampling spots the spectrum of germs is shown as an example. The recorded findings are appointed to 1020 patients. The possibility of control individual patients by data processing is demonstrated. As examples susceptibility patterns of three species (S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa) are shown by different manners of representation--spread of resistant strains to several antibiotics, percentage of resistant strains in a certain period and finally a combination of these manners.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Incorporation of organic compounds into cell protein by lithotrophic, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.
Incorporation of organic compounds into cell protein by the obligate chemolithotrophs Nitrosomonas spec., Nitrosococcus oceanus, Nitrosococcus mobilis, Nitrosovibrio tenuis, Nitrosolobus spec., and Nitrosospira spec. was studied. In the presence of ammonia as energy source organic substrates were supplied. Distribution of 14C into cell amino acids arising from 14C-labelled glucose, Na-pyruvate, and Na-acetate was investigated. While carbon from glucose was distributed unrestricted, carbon from pyruvate preferably entered into the amino acids of the pyruvate and glutamate family and from acetate mainly into leucine and the glutamate family. Among the strains examined, slight differences were observed, but all should be included under group A of the scheme of Smith and Hoare (1977).
Acetates↗
[Sanitary installations in restaurants from a hygienic and architectonic viewpoint].
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Restaurants↗
[Nosocomial infective agents in a surgical intensive care unit. III. Spreading of Staphylococcus aureus with regard to phage typing analysis (author's transl)].
The colonization of a surgical intensive care unit with Staphylococcus aureus was studied over a period of 16 withdrawal days. During this survey samples were taken from medical and nursing staff, patients and their inaminate environment. To make statements about the potential sources and routes of transmission of Staph. aureus we investigated the resistance situation (18 tested chemotherapeutical agents) and phage lysis patterns of about 100 isolates. By means of different examples could be demonstrated that identical resistance patterns may lead to false epidemiological conclusions. Only the use of phage pattern analysis seems to enable well-founded hints.
Air Microbiology↗
[Nosocomial infective agents in surgical intensive care unit. I. Occurrence and spreading of Gram-negative, obligate aerobic and facultative anaerobic rods (author's transl)].
In a surgical care unit samples were taken at 16 days in 3 day-intervals and the staff, the patients, their inanimate environment and the air investigated on the occurrence of gram-negative nosocomial infective agents (NIA). Samples taken from the staff only showed 1.3% positive NIA findings. Samples taken from the patient were NIA-positive in 27.7%. Samples taken from the inanimate environment were NIA-positive in 3.8%. In 6.9% of samples taken from the air gram-negative NIA were shown. With two examples the spreading of gram-negative NIA at the patient himself resp. also in his inanimate environment was shown. On base of resistance patterns a spreading from resp. through the staff or from one patient to the other was not definitely to be shown. Our results have shown that the NIA may be dissiminated by contact as well as by air-well-known with Staph. aureus but also with gram-negative rods.
Aged↗
[Nosocomial infective agents in a surgical intensive care unit. II. Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus (author's transl)].
Over a period of 16 weeks we investigated nursing and medical staff, patients, their inanimate environment and air of surgical intensive care unit on the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus. On this occasion Staph. aureus could be proved most frequently with the patients (11.0%). In the frequency of evidence the "aseptic" patients come to the fore with 13.1% followed by the "septic" (11.1%) and the "uncertain" patients (7.7%). From the inanimate environment of the "septic" patients Staph. aureus could be isolated in 7.4%, while the environment of the "uncertain" and "aseptic" patients showed nearly the same ratio (2.8, respectively 2.0%). In all the contamination of the inanimate environment is of secondary importance in comparison with the patient himself (5.6%). In only 5.0% of all cases Staph. aureus could be found in samples taken from the staff.
Air Microbiology↗