Biomedical subjects

H Ohkawa

Publications and source records attributed to H Ohkawa.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Mutation of ndh genes leads to inhibition of CO(2) uptake rather than HCO(3)(-) uptake in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803.

Six mutants (B1 to B6) that grew poorly in air on BG11 agar plates buffered at pH 8.0 were rescued after mutations were introduced into ndhB of wild-type (WT) Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. In these mutants and a mutant (M55) lacking ndhB, CO(2) uptake was much more strongly inhibited than HCO(3)(-) uptake, i.e., the activities of CO(2) and HCO(3)(-) uptake in B1 were 9 and 85% of those in the WT, respectively. Most of the mutants grew very slowly or did not grow at all at pH 6.5 or 7.0 in air, and their ability to grow under these conditions was correlated with CO(2) uptake capacity. Detailed studies of B1 and M55 indicated that the mutants grew as fast as the WT in liquid at pH 8.0 under air, although they grew poorly on agar plates. The contribution of CO(2) uptake appears to be larger on solid medium. Five mutants were constructed by inactivating each of the five ndhD genes in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. The mutant lacking ndhD3 grew much more slowly than the WT at pH 6.5 under 50 ppm CO(2), although other ndhD mutants grew like the WT under these conditions and showed low affinity for CO(2) uptake. These results indicated the presence of multiple NAD(P)H dehydrogenase type I complexes with specific roles.

Bicarbonates↗

PubMed2000

CYP78A1 preferentially expressed in developing inflorescences of Zea mays encoded a cytochrome P450-dependent lauric acid 12-monooxygenase.

Cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) monooxygenases play an important role in the oxidation of a number of lipophilic substrates including secondary metabolites in higher plants. Larkin reported that CYP78A1 was preferentially expressed in developing inflorescences of Zea mays (Larkin, Plant Mol. Biol. 25: 343-353, 1994). However, the enzymatic function of CYP78A1 hasn't been clarified yet. To characterized the enzymatic activity of CYP78A1, in this study, CYP78A1 cDNA and tobacco or yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (P450 reductase) was expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22 cells under the control of alcohol dehydrogenase promoter I and terminator. The reduced CO-difference spectrum of a microsomal fraction prepared from the transformed yeast cells expressing CYP78A1 and yeast P450 reductase showed a peak at 449 nm. Based on the spectrum, the content of a P450 molecule was estimated to be 45 pmol P450 equivalent/ mg of protein in the microsomal fraction. The recombinant yeast microsomes containing CYP78A1 and yeast P450 reductase were found to catalyze 12-monooxygenation of lauric acid. Based on these results, CYP78A1 preferentially expressed in developing inflorescences of Zea mays appeared to have participated in the monooxygenation of fatty acids.

Catalysis↗

PubMed2000

Expression of human cytochromes P450 1A1 and P450 1A2 as fused enzymes with yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase in transgenic tobacco plants.

Among 11 isoforms of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolizing xenobiotics, CYP 1A1 and CYP 1A2 were major P450 species in the metabolism of the herbicides chlortoluron and atrazine in a yeast expression system. CYP1A2 was more active in the metabolism of both herbicides than CYP1A1. The fused enzymes of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 with yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase were functionally active in the microsomal fraction of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and showed increased specific activity towards 7-ethoxyresorufin as compared to CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 alone. Then, both fused enzymes were each expressed in the microsomes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN) plants. The transgenic plants expressing the CYP1A2 fusion enzyme had higher resistance to the herbicide chlortoluron than the plants expressing the CYP1A1 fusion enzyme did. The transgenic plants expressing the CYP1A2 fused enzyme metabolized chlortoluron to a larger extent to its non-phytotoxic metabolites through N-demethylation and ring-methyl hydroxylation as compared to the plants expressing the CYP1A1 fused enzyme. Thus, the possibility of increasing the herbicide resistance in the transgenic plants by the selection of P450 species and the fusion with P450 reductase is discussed.

Atrazine↗

PubMed2000

A prospective, randomized trial of conventional, dose-accelerated corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin in children with newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

To determine the minimal essential treatment for childhood acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), a prospective, randomized trial was conducted focusing on hemorrhagic manifestation as well as platelet count. Subjects with a platelet count of <10 x 10(3)/microL or 10 to 29 x 10(3)/microL and mucosal bleeding (group 1) were randomly assigned to receive intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) at 1 to 2 g/kg, conventional oral prednisolone (o-PSL) (2 mg/kg for 2 weeks). parenteral methylprednisolone (mPSL) (5 mg/kg for 5 days), or pulsed parenteral methylprednisolone (PmPSL) (30 mg/kg for 3 days). Subjects with a platelet count of 10 to 29 x 10(3)/microL without mucosal bleeding (group 2) were randomized to receive either o-PSL or no treatment. In subjects with a platelet count of 30 x 10(3)/microL or higher (group 3), patients undergoing no specific treatment were monitored. In group 1, IVIg offered faster platelet enhancement compared with o-PSL and mPSL, although neither mPSL no PmPSL showed any advantage, even over o-PSL. Platelet response was uniformly excellent when pretreatment platelet coun was > or = 10 x 10(3)/microL. Furthermore, the presence or absence of mucosal bleeding in subjects with a platelet count <10 x 10(3)/microL had no effect on the response to treatment. In group 2, platelet increase was indifferently attained with or without o-PSL. These data suggest that childhood acute ITP with a platelet count > or = 10 x 10(3)/microL may be left untreated or may be treated with o-PSL when mucosal bleeding is evident, whereas for those with a platelet count <10 x 10(3)/microL, IVIg is the most predictable platelet enhancer. Thus, a platelet count of 10 x 10(3)/microL seems to be informative enough to decide whether to treat childhood acute ITP.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Inhibitory effects of vitamin A and vitamin K on rat cytochrome P4501A1-dependent monooxygenase activity.

The inhibitory effects of vitamins A and K toward P4501A1-dependent 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation were examined in the reconstituted system containing the microsomal fraction prepared from the recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells producing rat P4501A1 and yeast NADPH-P450 reductase. On vitamins A, all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinal, all-trans-retinoic acid and retinol-palmitate showed competitive inhibition with K(i) values of 0.068, 0.079, 2.6 and 2.0 microM, respectively. Judging from the K(i) values, the inhibitory effects of those vitamins A appear to have physiological significance on the basis of their contents in liver, lung and kidney. On vitamins K, vitamin K(1) showed competitive inhibition with K(i) value of 24 microM, while vitamin K(2) showed noncompetitive inhibition with K(i) value of 60 microM. Judging from these K(i) values together with the contents of these vitamins K in liver, the inhibitory effects of the vitamins K are not as significant as those of vitamins A. These results suggest that the ingestion of enough amounts of vitamins A from foods might lead to the inhibition of the activity of P4501A1 which is known to be induced by smoking, drugs such as omeprazole and lansoprazole, and environmental pollutants like dioxins.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Engineering and biochemical characterization of the rat microsomal cytochrome P4501A1 fused to ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase from plant chloroplasts.

Fusion proteins of rat cytochrome P4501A1 with maize ferredoxin I (Fd) and pea ferredoxin NADP(+) reductase (FNR), the last electron transfer proteins of the photosynthetic channel in plant chloroplasts, were obtained by gene fusion in the yeast expression vector pAAH5N. The encoded fusion proteins P4501A1-Fd, P4501A1-FNR, P4501A1-Fd-FNR and P4501A1-FNR-Fd were produced in microsomes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22. Enzymatic assays were carried out in vitro with the isolated microsomes. P4501A1-Fd-FNR and P4501A1-FNR-Fd were found to catalyze P450-monooxygenase activities towards 7-ethoxycoumarin and the herbicide chlortoluron. P4501A1-Fd-FNR was the most efficient enzyme as measured in vitro in ferricyanide and cytochrome c reductions, as well as P450-monooxygenase assays. Apparent K(m) and k(cat) of P4501A1-Fd-FNR were 70 microM and 7800 min(-1) for NADPH, 13.2 microM and 51.1 min(-1) for 7-ethoxycoumarin, and 21.3 microM and 23. 8 min(-1) for the herbicide chlortoluron, respectively. Fd in P4501A1-Fd-FNR fusion enzyme was found to be a limiting factor compared to P4501A1 fused to the yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, an artificial enzyme described previously. The efficiency of electron transfer in the P4501A1 fusion proteins and a possible in vivo molecular coupling of Fd and FNR with microsomal cytochrome P4501A1 produced in plant chloroplasts are discussed.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗

PubMed1999

Dynamic mobility of genetically expressed fusion protein between cytochrome P4501A1 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in yeast microsomes.

A fusion protein of rat liver CYP1A1 with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase was expressed genetically in yeast microsomal membranes. This flavo-cytochrome is active in 6-hydroxylation of zoxazolamine. Rotational diffusion of the fusion protein was examined by observing the flash-induced absorption anisotropy r(t) of the P450.CO complex. Theoretical analysis of r(t) was performed based on a "rotation-about-membrane normal" model. The absorption anisotropy decayed within 2 ms to a time-independent value r(3). Forty percent of the fusion protein rotated with a rotational relaxation time phi of 1.35 ms. Treatment with high salt increased the mobile population of the fusion protein to 62% with phi = 0.96 ms. The mobile population of the fusion protein is close to that of CYP1A1 coexpressed with the P450 reductase and greater than that of CYP1A1 alone [Iwase et al. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 8347-8351]. The large mobile population of the fusion protein provides evidence that CYP1A1 is mobilized by forming associations with P450 reductase in microsomal membranes.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Electrostatic interaction between cytochrome P450 and NADPH-P450 reductase: comparison of mixed and fused systems consisting of rat cytochrome P450 1A1 and yeast NADPH-P450 reductase.

The electrostatic interaction between rat cytochrome P450 1A1 and yeast NADPH-P450 reductase was analyzed by using recombinant yeast microsomes containing both native enzymes or their fused enzyme. The Vmax of the 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation in the recombinant microsomes containing both rat cytochrome P4501A1 and yeast NADPH-P450 reductase (the mixed system) was maximal when the ionic strength of the reaction mixture was 0.1-0.15. However, on the fused enzyme between rat cytochrome P450 1A1 and yeast NADPH-P450 reductase (the fused system), the activity was uniformly reduced with increasing ionic strength. The pH profiles of Vmax were also different between the mixed and the fused systems. Based on these results, we propose a hypothesis that cytochrome P450 and NADPH-P450 reductase have more than one binding mode. The maximal activity of the mixed system at ionic strength of 0.1-0.15 is explained by change of the binding mode. On the other hand, the fused enzyme appears to have only one binding mode due to the limited topology of cytochrome P450 and NADPH-P450 reductase domains.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

1q23 gain is associated with progressive neuroblastoma resistant to aggressive treatment.

Neuroblastoma is one of the most common malignant tumors of childhood and is characterized by regressive and progressive disease. Genetic factors that define progression of neuroblastomas are still unknown. We performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on 27 neuroblastomas and dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify genetic aberrations associated with progressive neuroblastoma showing resistance to aggressive treatment. 17q21-q25 gains and MYCN amplification were associated with stage 4 neuroblastomas; however, these genetic aberrations had no significant relation to the progression of stage 4 neuroblastomas. A novel chromosomal gain at 1q21-q25 was found in 8 of 16 cases (50%) of stage 4 neuroblastoma. Gain of 1q21-q25 was observed in all of the progressive cases (8/8), which showed resistance to chemotherapy, including 5 fatal neuroblastomas in stage 4, whereas 1q21-q25 gain was not found in any of the 8 remission cases in stage 4. Survival analysis also showed that 1q21-q25 gain was associated with a poor outcome. High xenotransplantability in nude mice was observed for the tumors with 1q21-q25 gain (4/5; 80%). These data show that 1q21-q25 gain is strongly associated with progression of stage 4 neuroblastoma. Furthermore, by dual-color FISH analysis using cosmid clones, the 1q21-q25 gain was narrowed to increase in DNA copy number on 1q23 in the fatal type of stage 4 neuroblastoma showing this gain. These results suggest that DNA amplification at 1q23 may play a role in the development of progressive neuroblastoma in an advanced stage.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of sedatives on noradrenaline release from the medial prefrontal cortex in rats.

RATIONALE: N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism and GABA(A) receptor activation are believed to be critical targets for general anesthetic action. However, as NMDA antagonism of intravenous anesthetic agents causes post-anesthetic emergence reactions such as hallucination and agitation, while the GABA(A)-mimetic intravenous anesthetic agents do not, these two classes of intravenous anesthetic agents produce differential clinical profiles. OBJECTIVE: We have investigated the differential effects of the GABA(A) agonists propofol and midazolam and the NMDA antagonist ketamine on noradrenaline release from the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat using microdialysis, as noradrenergic neurons have a role to play in anesthesia and are known to be important in the control of sleep, attention and learning. METHODS: Twenty-one male Wistar rats (200-270 g) were randomly allocated into three groups: ketamine 100 mg x kg(-1) (n = 6), propofol 60 mg x kg(-1) (n = 8) and midazolam 5 mg x kg(-1) (n = 7) IP. A unilateral guide cannula was implanted stereotaxically into the medial prefrontal cortex under pentobarbital anesthesia (50 mg x kg(-1) IP). Forty-eight hours later, a dialysis probe was inserted through the guide cannula, and perfused with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid solution containing 1 mM pargyline. Following an equilibration period, samples of dialysate were collected every 10 min. Noradrenaline content was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography using an electrochemical detector. RESULTS: Anesthesia times, defined as the duration between the loss of righting reflex and recovery, were 24.7+/-5.6 (SEM), 20.5+/-1.9 and 25.2+/-1.5 min for propofol, midazolam and ketamine, respectively (no significant between-group differences). Both GABA(A )agonists, propofol and midazolam, significantly decreased noradrenaline release (75% and 71% of basal release, respectively). The NMDA antagonist ketamine markedly increased noradrenaline release (413% of basal). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that different clinical profiles observed with these two classes of sedatives may result from changes in noradrenaline release from the medial prefrontal cortex.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The advantage of alfacalcidol over vitamin D in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Although alfacalcidol is widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis, its mechanism of action in bone is not fully understood. Alfacalcidol stimulates intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption, increases urinary Ca excretion and serum Ca levels, and suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. It remains to be clarified, especially under vitamin D-replete conditions, whether alfacalcidol exerts skeletal effects solely via these Ca-related effects, whether the resultant suppression of PTH is a prerequisite for the skeletal actions of alfacalcidol, and, by inference, whether alfacalcidol has an advantage over vitamin D in the treatment of osteoporosis. To address these issues, we (1) compared the effects of alfacalcidol p.o. (0.025-0.1 microg/kg BW) vis-à-vis vitamin D(3) (50-400 microg/kg BW) on bone loss in 8-month-old, ovariectomized (OVX) rats as a function of their Ca-related effects, and (2) examined whether the skeletal effects of alfacalcidol occur independently of suppression of PTH, using parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats continuously infused with hPTH(1-34). The results indicate that (1) in OVX rats, alfacalcidol increases BMD and bone strength more effectively than vitamin D(3) at given urinary and serum Ca levels: larger doses of vitamin D(3) are required to produce a similar BMD-increasing effect, in the face of hypercalcemia and compromised bone quality; (2) at doses that maintain serum Ca below 10 mg/dl, alfacalcidol suppresses urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion more effectively than vitamin D(3); and (3) alfacalcidol is capable of increasing bone mass in PTX rats with continuous infusion of PTH, and therefore acts independently of PTH levels. It is suggested that alfacalcidol exerts bone-protective effects independently of its Ca-related effects, and is in this respect superior to vitamin D(3), and that the skeletal actions of alfacalcidol take place, at least in part, independently of suppression of PTH. Together, these results provide a rationale for the clinical utility of alfacalcidol and its advantage over vitamin D(3) in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Extensive epidural teratoma in early infancy treated by multi-stage surgery.

We report a rare case of extensive extradural teratoma successfully treated by multi-stage laminotomy and thoracotomy. A 34-day-old, dyspneic infant had a large posterior mediastinal mass identified on a chest X-ray radiograph. Imaging studies disclosed that the mass originated from the extradural space at the level of the lower thoracic spine, extending cephalad to C4 and caudad to L4 and severely compressing the spinal cord anteriorly, causing paraplegia. The tumor expanded bilaterally through the intraspinal foramina, coalescing to form a huge mediastinal mass. The upper half of the teratoma was removed utilizing a laminotomy from T3 through T9; 2 months later the lower half was excised via a laminotomy from T11 to L3. An additional procedure was required to resect recurrent tumor through a laminotomy from T8 to T12. The reconstructed vertebral arches were well-preserved in shape, with an almost normal spinal canal.

Epidural Neoplasms↗

PubMed1999

Endoscopic septotomy: a new surgical approach to infantile hydrometrocolpos with imperforate hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis.

The authors propose a new surgical approach for neonates and infants with hydrometrocolpos caused by double vagina and imperforate hemivagina. Usually for these patients, laparotomy is a common approach used to decompress the obstructed hemivagina. The authors compared the characteristics of three options used to relieve obstruction of the hemivagina using endoscopic, transvaginal, and laparotomy approaches. An endoscopic septotomy (colposcopic approach) using the Storz neonatal resectoscope is less invasive and less expensive than other methods. We emphasize that endoscopic septotomy is a feasible surgical method to relieve the obstructive symptoms related to imperforate hemivagina.

Endoscopy↗

PubMed1999

Immobilization of P450 monooxygenase and chloroplast for use in light-driven bioreactors.

P450 monooxygenases exhibit great potential for application to bioreactors for the decomposition of various hydrophobic chemicals including pollutant compounds. P450-containing microsomes were immobilized in spinach chloroplasts for use in light-driven bioreactors. We tested three methods (entrapment, adsorption and cross-linking) to immobilize chloroplasts and yeast microsomes containing a genetically engineered fusion enzyme between rat P450 1A1 and yeast P450 reductase. Entrapment in agarose gave the best activity for the conversion of 7-ethoxycoumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin under illumination of 6200 lx. We then tested three light-driven bioreactors (two column-type and one batch-type reactors developed) using the immobilized gels. A two-phase column-type reactor with separately immobilized microsomes and chloroplasts showed a higher conversion rate than a reactor with co-immobilization of both components. The reactor showed a turnover rate of 6.32 mol product/mol P450/min after a 40-min run, and 2.49 after a 180-min run. These turnover rates are higher than the values reported by others using immobilized microsomal P450s.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

22-Oxacalcitriol ameliorates high-turnover bone and marked osteitis fibrosa in rats with slowly progressive nephritis.

UNLABELLED: 22-Oxacalcitriol ameliorates high-turnover bone and marked osteitis fibrosa in rats with slowly progressive nephritis. BACKGROUND: 22-Oxacalcitriol (OCT) is a unique vitamin D analogue with less calcemic activity than calcitriol, and it effectively suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in uremic rats. This study was performed to examine the long-term effect of intravenously administered OCT on high-turnover bone disease in model rats of slowly progressive renal failure. METHODS: Slowly progressive renal failure rats were made by a single injection of glycopeptide isolated from rat renal cortical tissues. At 250 days, glycopeptide-induced nephritis (GN) rats were divided into three groups with the same levels of serum creatinine and PTH, and they received either OCT (0.03 or 0.15 microg/kg body wt) or vehicle given intravenously three times per week for 15 weeks. RESULTS: Renal function of GN rats deteriorated very slowly but progressively, as assessed by the increase of serum creatinine concentration. At sacrifice, serum PTH levels, bone formation markers, bone resorption markers, and fibrosis volume were significantly elevated in vehicle-treated GN rats compared with those of sham-operated rats, suggesting the development of high-turnover bone disease with osteitis fibrosa. In contrast, in the GN-OCT 0.15 microg/kg group, these high PTH levels and high-turnover bone and fibrosis were significantly decreased. Such amelioration of bone abnormalities by OCT was not accompanied by either hypercalcemia or further deterioration of renal function. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that OCT may be a useful and safe agent not only for the suppression of PTH, but also for the amelioration of osteitis fibrosa and high-turnover bone without causing hypercalcemia in chronic dialysis patients.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Inhibitory effect of clonidine on ketamine-induced norepinephrine release from the medial prefrontal cortex in rats.

We have investigated the effect of clonidine on ketamine-induced norepinephrine release from the medial prefrontal cortex in rats using microdialysis. Twenty-one male Wistar rats weighing 200-300 g were allocated randomly to one of four groups: i.p. injection of ketamine 100 mg kg-1 with clonidine 0 (saline: group C0, n = 6), 3 (group C3, n = 5), 30 (group C30, n = 5) and 300 micrograms kg-1 (group C300, n = 5). As reported previously, ketamine increases norepinephrine release. In groups C0 and C3, marked increases in norepinephrine release were observed with maximum values of mean 483 (SEM 55)% and 412 (53)% compared with basal values, respectively. Although significant increases in norepinephrine release were also observed (276 (43)%) in group C30, they were significantly lower than those in groups C0 and C3 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). In group C300, there was a significant reduction in norepinephrine release (62 (13)%) compared with basal and the three other groups (P < 0.01). This inhibitory effect of clonidine on norepinephrine may be related to reduction in undesirable emergence reactions after ketamine anaesthesia.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗

PubMed1999

Green-tissue-specific expression of a reconstructed cry1C gene encoding the active fragment of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin in haploid tobacco plants conferring resistance to Spodoptera litura.

The DNA sequence of a truncated cry1C gene encoding the active fragment of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) delta-endotoxin was fully reconstructed by introduction of silent mutations. Each of the truncated wild type and the synthetic genes encoding the active fragment of the protoxin was introduced into haploid tobacco plants under the control of the rbcS promoter. To facilitate selection of transgenic tobacco plants with high insecticidal activity, a fusion gene encoding both rat CYP1A1 cytochrome P450 and yeast NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase was cotransformed with the wild type cry1C gene. The synthetic gene elevated the levels of Cry1C protein and the mRNA in transgenic tobacco plants as well as mortality in Spodoptera litura larvae. The Cry1C protein was accumulated mainly in the leaf tissues of the transgenic tobacco plants. The results reported here imply that the green-tissue-specific expression of the synthetic cry1C gene is useful for the control of S. litura which was rather resistant to the other types of Bt toxins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Effects of methanol and temperature on enzyme immunoassay with monoclonal antibodies specific to the insecticide etofenprox.

We examined the effects of methanol and temperature on the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies specific to the insecticide etofenprox. When the antigen-antibody reaction was done at 4 degrees C in 10% methanol, the sensitivity in the enzyme immunoassay with each antibody was more than 10-fold higher than that measured at 37 degrees C. Although in 10% methanol one of the antibodies reacted equally with both etofenprox and the carbonate-derivative of etofenprox, in 50% methanol the antibody reacted with etofenprox, but not with the derivative.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗